Tech # Waymo Deep Dive: Technology, Business, Safety, and Where It Operates # 웨이모 심층…
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# Waymo Deep Dive: Technology, Business, Safety, and Where It Operates
# 웨이모 심층 해설: 기술·사업·안전·운영 현황
## English
### 1) What Waymo is (in one clear sentence)
Waymo is Alphabet’s autonomous-driving company that builds the “Waymo Driver” (a Level 4 automated driving system in defined areas) and operates paid robotaxi services in multiple U.S. metros. ([Waymo][1])
---
### 2) A brief timeline that explains why Waymo is considered the front-runner
* **2009–2016:** Started as Google’s self-driving car project; spun out as **Waymo** under Alphabet in 2016. ([X][2])
* **Dec 2018:** Launched **Waymo One** (commercial ride service) in the Phoenix area. ([TechCrunch][3])
* **Oct 2020:** Began opening fully driverless (“rider-only”) service to the public in Phoenix. ([Waymo][4])
* **2024–2025:** Expanded operations and partnerships, added major-city scale, and introduced freeway riding in select markets (details below). ([Reuters][5])
---
### 3) Where Waymo operates (as of late 2025 / early 2026)
Waymo’s own rider-facing list shows active service in:
* **San Francisco Bay Area (CA)**
* **Los Angeles (CA)**
* **Phoenix (AZ)**
* **Austin (TX)** (available through Uber)
* **Atlanta (GA)** (available through Uber) ([Waymo][6])
**Airport access and broader Bay Area coverage:**
* Waymo expanded Bay Area coverage down the Peninsula to **San Jose**, including service at **San José Mineta International Airport (SJC)**. ([Waymo][7])
* Waymo also stated it received permits to serve riders at **SJC and SFO** and began offering employees fully autonomous rides at **Miami International Airport** (with plans to expand airport autonomy). ([Waymo][8])
**Freeway operations (a major milestone):**
Waymo announced robotaxi rides that include **freeways** in **San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Phoenix**—initially for early-access users—positioning this as an important step in scaling routes and reducing trip times. ([Reuters][5])
---
### 4) The “Waymo Driver” technology stack (how it works at a practical level)
Waymo’s approach is generally described as **multi-sensor + mapping + heavy validation**, designed for reliability in defined Operational Design Domains (ODDs).
**A. Sensors (perception inputs)**
Waymo explicitly describes a suite built around **lidar, cameras, radar, and compute**. ([Waymo][9])
For its **6th-generation** system, Waymo states the sensor suite includes **13 cameras, 4 lidar, 6 radar**, plus external audio receivers, with a cost-optimized design. ([Waymo][10])
**B. Localization and mapping (knowing exactly where the car is)**
Waymo is strongly associated with **high-definition mapping** plus real-time sensor matching to localize precisely—one reason it scales city-by-city rather than “everywhere at once.” ([WardsAuto][11])
**C. Prediction and planning (deciding what to do next)**
The core autonomy problem is not only “seeing,” but predicting how other road users will behave and selecting a safe trajectory. Waymo has increasingly discussed modern ML components in this pipeline.
**D. Safety architecture and validation layers**
Waymo describes a safety posture that includes scenario-based testing in **simulation** and **closed-course** environments, plus methodologies documented and pressure-tested through a “Safety Case.” ([Waymo][12])
In late 2025, Waymo described an onboard validation layer that verifies trajectories produced by a generative ML component. ([Waymo][13])
---
### 5) Rider-only miles and safety claims (what “127M” actually means)
Waymo publishes a “Safety Impact” dashboard showing **rider-only (no human driver)** miles. Through **September 2025**, it reports **127 million rider-only miles**, with a metro breakdown (Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles shown in the dashboard excerpt). ([Waymo][14])
Waymo also publishes peer-reviewed and other safety research through its safety research hub. ([Waymo][15])
**How to interpret this responsibly:**
* “Rider-only miles” is a scale indicator and a necessary condition for safety confidence, but not sufficient by itself.
* The most decision-relevant questions are: injury outcomes, near-miss exposure, domain differences (downtown vs freeway vs airport), and incident handling in rare edge cases.
---
### 6) The hidden reality: robotaxis still rely on humans (operations layer)
Even when there is no safety driver in the vehicle, Waymo’s service depends on an operations ecosystem: fleet response, remote assistance, towing/door fixes, customer support, charging logistics, and incident escalation.
A late-2025 report highlighted how a “behind-the-scenes” human workforce intervenes when vehicles get stuck (doors, obstructions, battery issues, etc.). ([The Washington Post][16])
This operations layer is not a contradiction; it is currently part of how autonomy is made commercially viable.
---
### 7) Limitations and failure modes (what still breaks robotaxis)
Waymo is advanced, but not “magic.” Typical stressors include:
* **Infrastructure outages and abnormal traffic control:** A San Francisco power outage in December 2025 (traffic lights out) exposed how rare citywide emergencies can overload remote assistance processes and produce traffic disruption; the incident triggered renewed regulatory discussion. ([Reuters][17])
* **Construction and irregular road geometry:** Cones, temporary signage, hand signals, and partial lane closures remain hard problems.
* **Weather edge cases:** Heavy rain, fog, glare, flooding, and sensor occlusion can reduce confidence and trigger slowdowns or pauses.
* **Human unpredictability:** Pedestrian intent, cyclist behavior, and aggressive drivers are still major uncertainty sources.
---
### 8) Fleet strategy and scaling economics (why 2026 matters)
A key bottleneck for all robotaxi businesses is the combination of: **hardware cost + vehicle uptime + maintenance/charging + geographic expansion cost**.
Recent reporting and company statements indicate:
* Waymo plans major fleet growth: one report said Waymo would add **2,000 more robotaxis by 2026**, bringing the fleet to about **3,500**, and is testing additional vehicle platforms (including **Hyundai Ioniq 5** and **Zeekr RT**), with next-gen “Waymo Driver” expected in the Zeekr RT starting in 2026. ([The Verge][18])
* Reuters reported Waymo planned to expand its fleet with **Hyundai Ioniq 5** vehicles, with testing expected to begin by late 2025. ([Reuters][19])
* Waymo also positions the 6th-gen sensor suite as improved performance at reduced cost—directly targeting unit economics. ([Waymo][10])
---
### 9) Partnerships and go-to-market
Waymo runs its own consumer service (Waymo One) in some markets, and in others it uses platform partnerships:
* Waymo and Uber announced expansion to **Austin and Atlanta** via the **Uber app**, with Uber managing dispatch and fleet operations in those cities. ([Waymo][20])
* Coverage and launch specifics in Austin were also reported as exclusive via Uber. ([The Verge][21])
This hybrid model reduces commercialization friction (customer acquisition, dispatch, local ops) while Waymo focuses on autonomy performance and safety.
---
### 10) Practical guidance and applications
**For riders (operational best practices):**
* Treat the robotaxi like a conservative driver: allow extra time in dense downtown areas and at complex pickup zones.
* Follow pickup instructions precisely; many “stuck” events start with unclear curbside conditions or blocked pickup points.
* Expect occasional reroutes or delays around major events, construction surges, or outages.
**For product builders and engineers (what to learn from Waymo):**
* Level 4 autonomy is as much an **operations + safety case + regulatory** problem as it is a perception/planning problem.
* Scaling is dominated by **ODD expansion** (maps, validation, local edge cases) and **unit economics** (sensor cost, retrofit throughput, maintenance, charging, downtime).
* Human-in-the-loop systems do not disappear; they get formalized (remote assistance tooling, incident playbooks, escalation policies).
---
## 한국어
### 1) 웨이모(Waymo)는 무엇인가
웨이모는 알파벳(Alphabet)의 자율주행 기업으로, **‘Waymo Driver’(정의된 영역에서의 레벨4 자율주행 시스템)**를 개발·운영하며 미국 여러 도시에서 **유료 로보택시(무인 승차 서비스)**를 실제로 제공하고 있습니다. ([Waymo][1])
---
### 2) 왜 웨이모가 “선두권”으로 평가되는가: 핵심 이정표
* **2009~2016:** 구글 자율주행 프로젝트로 시작 → 2016년 알파벳 산하 **Waymo**로 분사. ([X][2])
* **2018년 12월:** 피닉스 지역에서 **Waymo One**(상용 호출 서비스) 출범. ([TechCrunch][3])
* **2020년 10월:** 피닉스에서 일반 대중 대상 **완전 무인(rider-only)** 서비스 확대를 공식화. ([Waymo][4])
* **2024~2025:** 대도시 확장, 플랫폼 제휴, 고속도로(프리웨이) 운행 범위까지 단계적으로 확대. ([Reuters][5])
---
### 3) 어디서 탈 수 있나(2025년 말~2026년 초 기준)
웨이모 공식 안내 기준 서비스 도시는 다음과 같습니다.
* **샌프란시스코 베이 에어리어(캘리포니아)**
* **로스앤젤레스(캘리포니아)**
* **피닉스(애리조나)**
* **오스틴(텍사스)**: 우버 앱에서 이용
* **애틀랜타(조지아)**: 우버 앱에서 이용 ([Waymo][6])
**베이 에어리어 확장 및 공항 운영:**
* 웨이모는 SF에서 **산호세**까지 반도 전역으로 서비스를 넓히고 **SJC(산호세 미네타 국제공항)**까지 포함했다고 밝혔습니다. ([Waymo][7])
* 또한 웨이모는 **SJC와 SFO** 승객 서비스 관련 허가를 받았고, **마이애미 국제공항(MIA)**에서는 직원 대상으로 완전 무인 탑승을 시작했다고 밝혔습니다. ([Waymo][8])
**프리웨이(고속도로) 포함 운행:**
* 샌프란시스코·LA·피닉스에서 **프리웨이 구간을 포함하는 유료 로보택시 운행**을 단계적으로 시작(초기엔 얼리액세스 위주)했다고 보도·발표되었습니다. ([Reuters][5])
---
### 4) Waymo Driver 기술 핵심: “멀티 센서 + 지도 + 검증”
**A. 센서(인지 입력)**
* 웨이모는 라이다·카메라·레이더·컴퓨트를 기반으로 주변을 인지한다고 설명합니다. ([Waymo][9])
* 6세대 시스템은 **카메라 13개, 라이다 4개, 레이더 6개** 및 외부 오디오 리시버를 포함하며, 비용 최적화도 목표로 한다고 밝혔습니다. ([Waymo][10])
**B. 정밀 위치추정(로컬라이제이션)과 HD 지도**
* 웨이모 방식은 ‘어디서나’가 아니라 **정해진 ODD(운영 설계 영역)** 중심으로, 고정밀 지도와 센서 데이터를 결합해 위치를 정확히 잡는 전략으로 알려져 있습니다. ([WardsAuto][11])
**C. 예측·경로계획(가장 어려운 본질)**
* 자율주행의 본질은 단순 인식이 아니라 **타 도로사용자(차·보행자·자전거)의 미래 행동을 예측**하고, 안전한 궤적을 선택하는 문제입니다.
**D. 안전 프레임워크와 검증 계층**
* 웨이모는 **시뮬레이션·폐쇄 트랙(테스트 코스)** 기반의 시나리오 테스트, 안전 방법론 문서화 및 “Safety Case”로 압력 테스트하는 체계를 강조합니다. ([Waymo][12])
* 2025년 말에는 생성형 ML이 만든 궤적을 별도의 온보드 검증 계층이 확인하는 구조를 언급했습니다. ([Waymo][13])
---
### 5) “127M rider-only miles”의 의미
웨이모는 **rider-only(차 안에 사람이 운전하지 않는) 마일리지**를 공개하며, **2025년 9월까지 1억 2,700만 마일**을 기록했다고 제시했습니다(도시별로 Phoenix·SF·LA 등 분해 표기). ([Waymo][14])
또한 안전 관련 연구 자료와 논문을 별도로 정리해 공개하고 있습니다. ([Waymo][15])
---
### 6) “무인”이어도 사람이 사라지지 않는 이유(운영 레이어)
차량 안에 안전요원이 없더라도, 실제 서비스는 **원격 지원·현장 출동·견인·문 닫힘/장애물 처리·충전/정비·사고 대응** 같은 운영 체계에 의해 유지됩니다.
2025년 말 보도에서는 로보택시가 멈추는 상황에서 사람(현장 작업자/지원 인력)이 개입해 문제를 해결하는 현실을 상세히 다뤘습니다. ([The Washington Post][16])
---
### 7) 한계와 취약점: “희귀하지만 큰 사건”이 어렵다
* **대규모 인프라 장애(신호등 일괄 마비 등):** 2025년 12월 샌프란시스코 정전 사태는 로보택시가 비정상 교통제어 상황에서 원격 확인 절차에 과부하가 걸릴 수 있음을 보여줬고, 규제 논의를 재점화했습니다. ([Reuters][17])
* **공사·임시 표지·유도원 수신호:** 비정형 환경은 여전히 난이도가 큽니다.
* **악천후:** 센서 가림/반사/침수 등으로 보수적 행동(저속·일시 중단)이 발생할 수 있습니다.
* **사람의 예측불가성:** 보행자/자전거의 돌발 행동, 공격적 운전 등은 핵심 난제입니다.
---
### 8) 2026년이 중요한 이유: 차량 플랫폼과 규모의 경제
웨이모 사업은 “기술”만으로 끝나지 않고, **차량 단가·가동률·정비/충전·도시 확장 비용**이 성패를 좌우합니다.
* 한 보도에 따르면 웨이모는 2026년까지 **2,000대 추가**(총 **3,500대** 규모) 확대를 발표했고, **현대 아이오닉 5·지커 RT** 등 다른 플랫폼도 시험 중이며 2026년부터 지커 RT에 차세대 Waymo Driver를 도입할 계획이 언급되었습니다. ([The Verge][18])
* 로이터는 웨이모가 **현대 아이오닉 5**를 로보택시 차량군에 추가하고 2025년 말 테스트를 시작할 계획이라고 전했습니다. ([Reuters][19])
* 6세대 센서 스택이 비용 최적화를 목표로 한다는 점은 규모 확장의 전제(유닛 이코노믹스)와 직결됩니다. ([Waymo][10])
---
### 9) 우버 제휴의 의미(상용화 전략)
* 웨이모는 일부 도시에선 자체 서비스(Waymo One), 일부 도시에선 **우버 앱**을 통해 진입하는 혼합 전략을 씁니다. 오스틴·애틀랜타 확장은 우버 앱 기반으로 발표되었습니다. ([Waymo][20])
이 방식은 **배차/고객 확보/현지 운영** 부담을 낮추고, 웨이모는 자율주행 성능·안전·시스템 고도화에 집중할 수 있습니다.
---
### 10) 추가 설명·팁·응용
**탑승자 관점**
* 로보택시는 ‘매우 보수적인 운전자’처럼 움직일 수 있습니다. 도심·픽업존에서는 여유 시간을 잡는 것이 현실적입니다.
* 픽업 안내를 정확히 따르는 것이 중요합니다. 애매한 정차 지점, 불법 정차 유도, 도로 점유 장애는 문제를 키웁니다.
**기술/사업 관점**
* 레벨4 상용화는 **인지·계획 알고리즘**뿐 아니라 **운영(Ops) + 안전 케이스 + 규제 대응**의 결합 문제입니다.
* 확장의 핵심은 ODD 확대(지도/검증/도시별 엣지케이스)와 유닛 이코노믹스(차량·센서·정비·충전·다운타임)입니다.
* “사람 개입”은 실패가 아니라 현 단계 상용화의 필수 구성요소이며, 도구화·정책화(원격 지원 프로토콜 등)되는 방향으로 진화합니다. ([The Washington Post][16])
---
## 日本語
WaymoはAlphabet傘下の自動運転企業で、レベル4相当の自動運転システム「Waymo Driver」を開発し、複数都市で有料ロボタクシーを運行しています。 ([Waymo][1])
**運行エリア（2025年末～2026年初頭）**
Waymoの案内では、サンフランシスコ湾岸、ロサンゼルス、フェニックス、そしてUber経由でオースティン／アトランタで利用可能とされています。 ([Waymo][6])
**技術の特徴（要点）**
* マルチセンサー（LiDAR・カメラ・レーダー）を明確に採用。 ([Waymo][9])
* 第6世代では「13カメラ、4 LiDAR、6レーダー」などを公表し、コスト最適化にも言及。 ([Waymo][10])
* 高精度地図とセンサーデータの突合で、定義されたODD（地理的・環境的条件）内でスケールする設計が知られています。 ([WardsAuto][11])
**高速道路（フリーウェイ）対応**
サンフランシスコ、LA、フェニックスでフリーウェイ区間を含む運行を段階的に開始したと報じられました（初期は早期アクセス中心）。 ([Reuters][5])
**安全と運用の現実**
Waymoはrider-only走行距離として、2025年9月までに1.27億マイルを公開しています。 ([Waymo][14])
一方で、無人でも“人の運用レイヤー”は不可欠で、停止時の復旧や現場対応などに人手が入ることが報じられています。 ([The Washington Post][16])
また、2025年12月の大規模停電では信号停止が原因で車両が交差点で滞留し、緊急時対応の難しさが議論になりました。 ([Reuters][17])
---
## Español
Waymo es la empresa de conducción autónoma de Alphabet que desarrolla el sistema “Waymo Driver” y opera robotaxis de pago en varias ciudades de EE. UU. ([Waymo][1])
**Dónde opera (finales de 2025 / inicios de 2026)**
Según la propia compañía, presta servicio en el Área de la Bahía de San Francisco, Los Ángeles y Phoenix; y en Austin y Atlanta a través de la app de Uber. ([Waymo][6])
**Cómo funciona (en términos prácticos)**
* Apuesta por un conjunto multisensor (lidar, cámaras, radar). ([Waymo][9])
* En su 6ª generación, Waymo declara 13 cámaras, 4 lidars y 6 radares, buscando también reducir costes sin sacrificar seguridad. ([Waymo][10])
* Suele escalar por dominios operativos definidos (ODD) apoyándose en mapas detallados y validación intensiva. ([Contrary Research][22])
**Hito relevante: autopistas**
Waymo anunció viajes que incluyen autopistas en San Francisco, Los Ángeles y Phoenix, inicialmente para usuarios de acceso temprano. ([Reuters][5])
**Seguridad y límites reales**
Waymo publica kilómetros/millas “rider-only” (sin conductor humano), reportando 127 millones de millas hasta septiembre de 2025. ([Waymo][14])
Aun así, la operación depende de un “cinturón humano” (asistencia remota, respuesta de flota, arreglos in situ) cuando los vehículos se atascan o surge una condición anómala. ([The Washington Post][16])
El apagón de San Francisco en diciembre de 2025 mostró vulnerabilidades en emergencias urbanas (semáforos apagados, congestión y debates regulatorios). ([Reuters][17])
---
## Français
Waymo est la filiale d’Alphabet spécialisée dans la conduite autonome : elle développe le système « Waymo Driver » et exploite un service de robotaxis payants dans plusieurs métropoles américaines. ([Waymo][1])
**Zones de service (fin 2025 / début 2026)**
Waymo indique servir le Bay Area de San Francisco, Los Angeles et Phoenix, ainsi qu’Austin et Atlanta via l’application Uber. ([Waymo][6])
**Architecture technique (résumé opérationnel)**
* Stratégie multi-capteurs : lidar, caméras, radar. ([Waymo][9])
* La 6e génération annoncée inclut 13 caméras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, avec un objectif explicite d’optimisation des coûts. ([Waymo][10])
* Déploiement par domaines (ODD) et validation intensive (simulation, piste, protocoles), avec une logique de “Safety Case”. ([Waymo][12])
**Étape clé : autoroutes**
Waymo a annoncé des trajets incluant des freeways à San Francisco, Los Angeles et Phoenix (d’abord pour des utilisateurs en accès anticipé). ([Reuters][5])
**Ce qu’il faut retenir côté exploitation et risques**
Waymo publie des données de miles “rider-only” (sans conducteur humain), atteignant 127 millions jusqu’à septembre 2025. ([Waymo][14])
Mais l’autonomie commerciale s’appuie encore sur une couche d’opérations humaines (assistance, intervention terrain) lorsque des incidents mineurs ou des blocages surviennent. ([The Washington Post][16])
Le blackout de San Francisco (déc. 2025) a illustré les difficultés en situation de crise urbaine et relancé le débat réglementaire. ([Reuters][17])
---
* [Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/waymos-san-francisco-outage-raises-doubts-over-robotaxi-readiness-during-crises-2025-12-27/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [The Washington Post](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/12/25/waymo-robots-human-work/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [가디언](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/nov/12/waymo-robotaxis-freeways?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [The Verge](https://www.theverge.com/news/623302/waymo-uber-austin-robotaxi-app-launch?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [The Verge](https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
[1]: https://waymo.com/about/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Autonomous Driving Technology - Learn more about us"
[2]: https://x.company/projects/waymo/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo - A Google X Moonshot"
[3]: https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/05/waymo-launches-self-driving-car-service-waymo-one/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo launches self-driving car service Waymo One"
[4]: https://waymo.com/blog/2020/10/waymo-is-opening-its-fully-driverless-service-in-phoenix?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo is opening its fully driverless service to the general ..."
[5]: https://www.reuters.com/business/waymo-launches-robotaxi-freeway-service-san-francisco-la-phoenix-2025-11-12/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo launches robotaxi freeway service in San Francisco, LA, Phoenix"
[6]: https://waymo.com/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo - Self-Driving Cars - Autonomous Vehicles - Ride-Hail"
[7]: https://waymo.com/blog/2025/11/taking-riders-further-safely-with-freeways?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Taking riders further, safely with freeways"
[8]: https://waymo.com/blog/2025/12/2025-year-in-review?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Delivering more for our riders in a year of incredible growth"
[9]: https://waymo.com/waymo-driver/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Self-Driving Car Technology for a Reliable Ride"
[10]: https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver: Optimized for costs ..."
[11]: https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "A look inside the sixth-generation Waymo Driver"
[12]: https://waymo.com/blog/2020/10/sharing-our-safety-framework?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Sharing our safety framework for fully autonomous operations"
[13]: https://waymo.com/blog/2025/12/demonstrably-safe-ai-for-autonomous-driving?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Demonstrably Safe AI For Autonomous Driving"
[14]: https://waymo.com/safety/impact/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo Safety Impact"
[15]: https://waymo.com/safety/research/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Published Safety Research Papers for Autonomous Vehicles"
[16]: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/12/25/waymo-robots-human-work/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "When robot taxis get stuck, a secret army of humans comes to the rescue"
[17]: https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/waymos-san-francisco-outage-raises-doubts-over-robotaxi-readiness-during-crises-2025-12-27/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo's San Francisco outage raises doubts over robotaxi readiness during crises"
[18]: https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"
[19]: https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/alphabets-waymo-expand-robotaxi-fleet-with-hyundai-evs-2024-10-04/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Alphabet's Waymo to expand robotaxi fleet with Hyundai EVs"
[20]: https://waymo.com/blog/2024/09/waymo-and-uber-expand-partnership?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo and Uber expand partnership to bring autonomous ..."
[21]: https://www.theverge.com/news/623302/waymo-uber-austin-robotaxi-app-launch?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo is now available exclusively on Uber in Austin"
[22]: https://research.contrary.com/report/tesla-waymo-and-the-great-sensor-debate?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Deep Dive: Tesla, Waymo, and the Great Sensor Debate"
# 웨이모 심층 해설: 기술·사업·안전·운영 현황
## English
### 1) What Waymo is (in one clear sentence)
Waymo is Alphabet’s autonomous-driving company that builds the “Waymo Driver” (a Level 4 automated driving system in defined areas) and operates paid robotaxi services in multiple U.S. metros. ([Waymo][1])
---
### 2) A brief timeline that explains why Waymo is considered the front-runner
* **2009–2016:** Started as Google’s self-driving car project; spun out as **Waymo** under Alphabet in 2016. ([X][2])
* **Dec 2018:** Launched **Waymo One** (commercial ride service) in the Phoenix area. ([TechCrunch][3])
* **Oct 2020:** Began opening fully driverless (“rider-only”) service to the public in Phoenix. ([Waymo][4])
* **2024–2025:** Expanded operations and partnerships, added major-city scale, and introduced freeway riding in select markets (details below). ([Reuters][5])
---
### 3) Where Waymo operates (as of late 2025 / early 2026)
Waymo’s own rider-facing list shows active service in:
* **San Francisco Bay Area (CA)**
* **Los Angeles (CA)**
* **Phoenix (AZ)**
* **Austin (TX)** (available through Uber)
* **Atlanta (GA)** (available through Uber) ([Waymo][6])
**Airport access and broader Bay Area coverage:**
* Waymo expanded Bay Area coverage down the Peninsula to **San Jose**, including service at **San José Mineta International Airport (SJC)**. ([Waymo][7])
* Waymo also stated it received permits to serve riders at **SJC and SFO** and began offering employees fully autonomous rides at **Miami International Airport** (with plans to expand airport autonomy). ([Waymo][8])
**Freeway operations (a major milestone):**
Waymo announced robotaxi rides that include **freeways** in **San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Phoenix**—initially for early-access users—positioning this as an important step in scaling routes and reducing trip times. ([Reuters][5])
---
### 4) The “Waymo Driver” technology stack (how it works at a practical level)
Waymo’s approach is generally described as **multi-sensor + mapping + heavy validation**, designed for reliability in defined Operational Design Domains (ODDs).
**A. Sensors (perception inputs)**
Waymo explicitly describes a suite built around **lidar, cameras, radar, and compute**. ([Waymo][9])
For its **6th-generation** system, Waymo states the sensor suite includes **13 cameras, 4 lidar, 6 radar**, plus external audio receivers, with a cost-optimized design. ([Waymo][10])
**B. Localization and mapping (knowing exactly where the car is)**
Waymo is strongly associated with **high-definition mapping** plus real-time sensor matching to localize precisely—one reason it scales city-by-city rather than “everywhere at once.” ([WardsAuto][11])
**C. Prediction and planning (deciding what to do next)**
The core autonomy problem is not only “seeing,” but predicting how other road users will behave and selecting a safe trajectory. Waymo has increasingly discussed modern ML components in this pipeline.
**D. Safety architecture and validation layers**
Waymo describes a safety posture that includes scenario-based testing in **simulation** and **closed-course** environments, plus methodologies documented and pressure-tested through a “Safety Case.” ([Waymo][12])
In late 2025, Waymo described an onboard validation layer that verifies trajectories produced by a generative ML component. ([Waymo][13])
---
### 5) Rider-only miles and safety claims (what “127M” actually means)
Waymo publishes a “Safety Impact” dashboard showing **rider-only (no human driver)** miles. Through **September 2025**, it reports **127 million rider-only miles**, with a metro breakdown (Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles shown in the dashboard excerpt). ([Waymo][14])
Waymo also publishes peer-reviewed and other safety research through its safety research hub. ([Waymo][15])
**How to interpret this responsibly:**
* “Rider-only miles” is a scale indicator and a necessary condition for safety confidence, but not sufficient by itself.
* The most decision-relevant questions are: injury outcomes, near-miss exposure, domain differences (downtown vs freeway vs airport), and incident handling in rare edge cases.
---
### 6) The hidden reality: robotaxis still rely on humans (operations layer)
Even when there is no safety driver in the vehicle, Waymo’s service depends on an operations ecosystem: fleet response, remote assistance, towing/door fixes, customer support, charging logistics, and incident escalation.
A late-2025 report highlighted how a “behind-the-scenes” human workforce intervenes when vehicles get stuck (doors, obstructions, battery issues, etc.). ([The Washington Post][16])
This operations layer is not a contradiction; it is currently part of how autonomy is made commercially viable.
---
### 7) Limitations and failure modes (what still breaks robotaxis)
Waymo is advanced, but not “magic.” Typical stressors include:
* **Infrastructure outages and abnormal traffic control:** A San Francisco power outage in December 2025 (traffic lights out) exposed how rare citywide emergencies can overload remote assistance processes and produce traffic disruption; the incident triggered renewed regulatory discussion. ([Reuters][17])
* **Construction and irregular road geometry:** Cones, temporary signage, hand signals, and partial lane closures remain hard problems.
* **Weather edge cases:** Heavy rain, fog, glare, flooding, and sensor occlusion can reduce confidence and trigger slowdowns or pauses.
* **Human unpredictability:** Pedestrian intent, cyclist behavior, and aggressive drivers are still major uncertainty sources.
---
### 8) Fleet strategy and scaling economics (why 2026 matters)
A key bottleneck for all robotaxi businesses is the combination of: **hardware cost + vehicle uptime + maintenance/charging + geographic expansion cost**.
Recent reporting and company statements indicate:
* Waymo plans major fleet growth: one report said Waymo would add **2,000 more robotaxis by 2026**, bringing the fleet to about **3,500**, and is testing additional vehicle platforms (including **Hyundai Ioniq 5** and **Zeekr RT**), with next-gen “Waymo Driver” expected in the Zeekr RT starting in 2026. ([The Verge][18])
* Reuters reported Waymo planned to expand its fleet with **Hyundai Ioniq 5** vehicles, with testing expected to begin by late 2025. ([Reuters][19])
* Waymo also positions the 6th-gen sensor suite as improved performance at reduced cost—directly targeting unit economics. ([Waymo][10])
---
### 9) Partnerships and go-to-market
Waymo runs its own consumer service (Waymo One) in some markets, and in others it uses platform partnerships:
* Waymo and Uber announced expansion to **Austin and Atlanta** via the **Uber app**, with Uber managing dispatch and fleet operations in those cities. ([Waymo][20])
* Coverage and launch specifics in Austin were also reported as exclusive via Uber. ([The Verge][21])
This hybrid model reduces commercialization friction (customer acquisition, dispatch, local ops) while Waymo focuses on autonomy performance and safety.
---
### 10) Practical guidance and applications
**For riders (operational best practices):**
* Treat the robotaxi like a conservative driver: allow extra time in dense downtown areas and at complex pickup zones.
* Follow pickup instructions precisely; many “stuck” events start with unclear curbside conditions or blocked pickup points.
* Expect occasional reroutes or delays around major events, construction surges, or outages.
**For product builders and engineers (what to learn from Waymo):**
* Level 4 autonomy is as much an **operations + safety case + regulatory** problem as it is a perception/planning problem.
* Scaling is dominated by **ODD expansion** (maps, validation, local edge cases) and **unit economics** (sensor cost, retrofit throughput, maintenance, charging, downtime).
* Human-in-the-loop systems do not disappear; they get formalized (remote assistance tooling, incident playbooks, escalation policies).
---
## 한국어
### 1) 웨이모(Waymo)는 무엇인가
웨이모는 알파벳(Alphabet)의 자율주행 기업으로, **‘Waymo Driver’(정의된 영역에서의 레벨4 자율주행 시스템)**를 개발·운영하며 미국 여러 도시에서 **유료 로보택시(무인 승차 서비스)**를 실제로 제공하고 있습니다. ([Waymo][1])
---
### 2) 왜 웨이모가 “선두권”으로 평가되는가: 핵심 이정표
* **2009~2016:** 구글 자율주행 프로젝트로 시작 → 2016년 알파벳 산하 **Waymo**로 분사. ([X][2])
* **2018년 12월:** 피닉스 지역에서 **Waymo One**(상용 호출 서비스) 출범. ([TechCrunch][3])
* **2020년 10월:** 피닉스에서 일반 대중 대상 **완전 무인(rider-only)** 서비스 확대를 공식화. ([Waymo][4])
* **2024~2025:** 대도시 확장, 플랫폼 제휴, 고속도로(프리웨이) 운행 범위까지 단계적으로 확대. ([Reuters][5])
---
### 3) 어디서 탈 수 있나(2025년 말~2026년 초 기준)
웨이모 공식 안내 기준 서비스 도시는 다음과 같습니다.
* **샌프란시스코 베이 에어리어(캘리포니아)**
* **로스앤젤레스(캘리포니아)**
* **피닉스(애리조나)**
* **오스틴(텍사스)**: 우버 앱에서 이용
* **애틀랜타(조지아)**: 우버 앱에서 이용 ([Waymo][6])
**베이 에어리어 확장 및 공항 운영:**
* 웨이모는 SF에서 **산호세**까지 반도 전역으로 서비스를 넓히고 **SJC(산호세 미네타 국제공항)**까지 포함했다고 밝혔습니다. ([Waymo][7])
* 또한 웨이모는 **SJC와 SFO** 승객 서비스 관련 허가를 받았고, **마이애미 국제공항(MIA)**에서는 직원 대상으로 완전 무인 탑승을 시작했다고 밝혔습니다. ([Waymo][8])
**프리웨이(고속도로) 포함 운행:**
* 샌프란시스코·LA·피닉스에서 **프리웨이 구간을 포함하는 유료 로보택시 운행**을 단계적으로 시작(초기엔 얼리액세스 위주)했다고 보도·발표되었습니다. ([Reuters][5])
---
### 4) Waymo Driver 기술 핵심: “멀티 센서 + 지도 + 검증”
**A. 센서(인지 입력)**
* 웨이모는 라이다·카메라·레이더·컴퓨트를 기반으로 주변을 인지한다고 설명합니다. ([Waymo][9])
* 6세대 시스템은 **카메라 13개, 라이다 4개, 레이더 6개** 및 외부 오디오 리시버를 포함하며, 비용 최적화도 목표로 한다고 밝혔습니다. ([Waymo][10])
**B. 정밀 위치추정(로컬라이제이션)과 HD 지도**
* 웨이모 방식은 ‘어디서나’가 아니라 **정해진 ODD(운영 설계 영역)** 중심으로, 고정밀 지도와 센서 데이터를 결합해 위치를 정확히 잡는 전략으로 알려져 있습니다. ([WardsAuto][11])
**C. 예측·경로계획(가장 어려운 본질)**
* 자율주행의 본질은 단순 인식이 아니라 **타 도로사용자(차·보행자·자전거)의 미래 행동을 예측**하고, 안전한 궤적을 선택하는 문제입니다.
**D. 안전 프레임워크와 검증 계층**
* 웨이모는 **시뮬레이션·폐쇄 트랙(테스트 코스)** 기반의 시나리오 테스트, 안전 방법론 문서화 및 “Safety Case”로 압력 테스트하는 체계를 강조합니다. ([Waymo][12])
* 2025년 말에는 생성형 ML이 만든 궤적을 별도의 온보드 검증 계층이 확인하는 구조를 언급했습니다. ([Waymo][13])
---
### 5) “127M rider-only miles”의 의미
웨이모는 **rider-only(차 안에 사람이 운전하지 않는) 마일리지**를 공개하며, **2025년 9월까지 1억 2,700만 마일**을 기록했다고 제시했습니다(도시별로 Phoenix·SF·LA 등 분해 표기). ([Waymo][14])
또한 안전 관련 연구 자료와 논문을 별도로 정리해 공개하고 있습니다. ([Waymo][15])
---
### 6) “무인”이어도 사람이 사라지지 않는 이유(운영 레이어)
차량 안에 안전요원이 없더라도, 실제 서비스는 **원격 지원·현장 출동·견인·문 닫힘/장애물 처리·충전/정비·사고 대응** 같은 운영 체계에 의해 유지됩니다.
2025년 말 보도에서는 로보택시가 멈추는 상황에서 사람(현장 작업자/지원 인력)이 개입해 문제를 해결하는 현실을 상세히 다뤘습니다. ([The Washington Post][16])
---
### 7) 한계와 취약점: “희귀하지만 큰 사건”이 어렵다
* **대규모 인프라 장애(신호등 일괄 마비 등):** 2025년 12월 샌프란시스코 정전 사태는 로보택시가 비정상 교통제어 상황에서 원격 확인 절차에 과부하가 걸릴 수 있음을 보여줬고, 규제 논의를 재점화했습니다. ([Reuters][17])
* **공사·임시 표지·유도원 수신호:** 비정형 환경은 여전히 난이도가 큽니다.
* **악천후:** 센서 가림/반사/침수 등으로 보수적 행동(저속·일시 중단)이 발생할 수 있습니다.
* **사람의 예측불가성:** 보행자/자전거의 돌발 행동, 공격적 운전 등은 핵심 난제입니다.
---
### 8) 2026년이 중요한 이유: 차량 플랫폼과 규모의 경제
웨이모 사업은 “기술”만으로 끝나지 않고, **차량 단가·가동률·정비/충전·도시 확장 비용**이 성패를 좌우합니다.
* 한 보도에 따르면 웨이모는 2026년까지 **2,000대 추가**(총 **3,500대** 규모) 확대를 발표했고, **현대 아이오닉 5·지커 RT** 등 다른 플랫폼도 시험 중이며 2026년부터 지커 RT에 차세대 Waymo Driver를 도입할 계획이 언급되었습니다. ([The Verge][18])
* 로이터는 웨이모가 **현대 아이오닉 5**를 로보택시 차량군에 추가하고 2025년 말 테스트를 시작할 계획이라고 전했습니다. ([Reuters][19])
* 6세대 센서 스택이 비용 최적화를 목표로 한다는 점은 규모 확장의 전제(유닛 이코노믹스)와 직결됩니다. ([Waymo][10])
---
### 9) 우버 제휴의 의미(상용화 전략)
* 웨이모는 일부 도시에선 자체 서비스(Waymo One), 일부 도시에선 **우버 앱**을 통해 진입하는 혼합 전략을 씁니다. 오스틴·애틀랜타 확장은 우버 앱 기반으로 발표되었습니다. ([Waymo][20])
이 방식은 **배차/고객 확보/현지 운영** 부담을 낮추고, 웨이모는 자율주행 성능·안전·시스템 고도화에 집중할 수 있습니다.
---
### 10) 추가 설명·팁·응용
**탑승자 관점**
* 로보택시는 ‘매우 보수적인 운전자’처럼 움직일 수 있습니다. 도심·픽업존에서는 여유 시간을 잡는 것이 현실적입니다.
* 픽업 안내를 정확히 따르는 것이 중요합니다. 애매한 정차 지점, 불법 정차 유도, 도로 점유 장애는 문제를 키웁니다.
**기술/사업 관점**
* 레벨4 상용화는 **인지·계획 알고리즘**뿐 아니라 **운영(Ops) + 안전 케이스 + 규제 대응**의 결합 문제입니다.
* 확장의 핵심은 ODD 확대(지도/검증/도시별 엣지케이스)와 유닛 이코노믹스(차량·센서·정비·충전·다운타임)입니다.
* “사람 개입”은 실패가 아니라 현 단계 상용화의 필수 구성요소이며, 도구화·정책화(원격 지원 프로토콜 등)되는 방향으로 진화합니다. ([The Washington Post][16])
---
## 日本語
WaymoはAlphabet傘下の自動運転企業で、レベル4相当の自動運転システム「Waymo Driver」を開発し、複数都市で有料ロボタクシーを運行しています。 ([Waymo][1])
**運行エリア（2025年末～2026年初頭）**
Waymoの案内では、サンフランシスコ湾岸、ロサンゼルス、フェニックス、そしてUber経由でオースティン／アトランタで利用可能とされています。 ([Waymo][6])
**技術の特徴（要点）**
* マルチセンサー（LiDAR・カメラ・レーダー）を明確に採用。 ([Waymo][9])
* 第6世代では「13カメラ、4 LiDAR、6レーダー」などを公表し、コスト最適化にも言及。 ([Waymo][10])
* 高精度地図とセンサーデータの突合で、定義されたODD（地理的・環境的条件）内でスケールする設計が知られています。 ([WardsAuto][11])
**高速道路（フリーウェイ）対応**
サンフランシスコ、LA、フェニックスでフリーウェイ区間を含む運行を段階的に開始したと報じられました（初期は早期アクセス中心）。 ([Reuters][5])
**安全と運用の現実**
Waymoはrider-only走行距離として、2025年9月までに1.27億マイルを公開しています。 ([Waymo][14])
一方で、無人でも“人の運用レイヤー”は不可欠で、停止時の復旧や現場対応などに人手が入ることが報じられています。 ([The Washington Post][16])
また、2025年12月の大規模停電では信号停止が原因で車両が交差点で滞留し、緊急時対応の難しさが議論になりました。 ([Reuters][17])
---
## Español
Waymo es la empresa de conducción autónoma de Alphabet que desarrolla el sistema “Waymo Driver” y opera robotaxis de pago en varias ciudades de EE. UU. ([Waymo][1])
**Dónde opera (finales de 2025 / inicios de 2026)**
Según la propia compañía, presta servicio en el Área de la Bahía de San Francisco, Los Ángeles y Phoenix; y en Austin y Atlanta a través de la app de Uber. ([Waymo][6])
**Cómo funciona (en términos prácticos)**
* Apuesta por un conjunto multisensor (lidar, cámaras, radar). ([Waymo][9])
* En su 6ª generación, Waymo declara 13 cámaras, 4 lidars y 6 radares, buscando también reducir costes sin sacrificar seguridad. ([Waymo][10])
* Suele escalar por dominios operativos definidos (ODD) apoyándose en mapas detallados y validación intensiva. ([Contrary Research][22])
**Hito relevante: autopistas**
Waymo anunció viajes que incluyen autopistas en San Francisco, Los Ángeles y Phoenix, inicialmente para usuarios de acceso temprano. ([Reuters][5])
**Seguridad y límites reales**
Waymo publica kilómetros/millas “rider-only” (sin conductor humano), reportando 127 millones de millas hasta septiembre de 2025. ([Waymo][14])
Aun así, la operación depende de un “cinturón humano” (asistencia remota, respuesta de flota, arreglos in situ) cuando los vehículos se atascan o surge una condición anómala. ([The Washington Post][16])
El apagón de San Francisco en diciembre de 2025 mostró vulnerabilidades en emergencias urbanas (semáforos apagados, congestión y debates regulatorios). ([Reuters][17])
---
## Français
Waymo est la filiale d’Alphabet spécialisée dans la conduite autonome : elle développe le système « Waymo Driver » et exploite un service de robotaxis payants dans plusieurs métropoles américaines. ([Waymo][1])
**Zones de service (fin 2025 / début 2026)**
Waymo indique servir le Bay Area de San Francisco, Los Angeles et Phoenix, ainsi qu’Austin et Atlanta via l’application Uber. ([Waymo][6])
**Architecture technique (résumé opérationnel)**
* Stratégie multi-capteurs : lidar, caméras, radar. ([Waymo][9])
* La 6e génération annoncée inclut 13 caméras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, avec un objectif explicite d’optimisation des coûts. ([Waymo][10])
* Déploiement par domaines (ODD) et validation intensive (simulation, piste, protocoles), avec une logique de “Safety Case”. ([Waymo][12])
**Étape clé : autoroutes**
Waymo a annoncé des trajets incluant des freeways à San Francisco, Los Angeles et Phoenix (d’abord pour des utilisateurs en accès anticipé). ([Reuters][5])
**Ce qu’il faut retenir côté exploitation et risques**
Waymo publie des données de miles “rider-only” (sans conducteur humain), atteignant 127 millions jusqu’à septembre 2025. ([Waymo][14])
Mais l’autonomie commerciale s’appuie encore sur une couche d’opérations humaines (assistance, intervention terrain) lorsque des incidents mineurs ou des blocages surviennent. ([The Washington Post][16])
Le blackout de San Francisco (déc. 2025) a illustré les difficultés en situation de crise urbaine et relancé le débat réglementaire. ([Reuters][17])
---
* [Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/waymos-san-francisco-outage-raises-doubts-over-robotaxi-readiness-during-crises-2025-12-27/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [The Washington Post](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/12/25/waymo-robots-human-work/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [가디언](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/nov/12/waymo-robotaxis-freeways?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [The Verge](https://www.theverge.com/news/623302/waymo-uber-austin-robotaxi-app-launch?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [The Verge](https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
[1]: https://waymo.com/about/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Autonomous Driving Technology - Learn more about us"
[2]: https://x.company/projects/waymo/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo - A Google X Moonshot"
[3]: https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/05/waymo-launches-self-driving-car-service-waymo-one/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo launches self-driving car service Waymo One"
[4]: https://waymo.com/blog/2020/10/waymo-is-opening-its-fully-driverless-service-in-phoenix?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo is opening its fully driverless service to the general ..."
[5]: https://www.reuters.com/business/waymo-launches-robotaxi-freeway-service-san-francisco-la-phoenix-2025-11-12/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo launches robotaxi freeway service in San Francisco, LA, Phoenix"
[6]: https://waymo.com/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo - Self-Driving Cars - Autonomous Vehicles - Ride-Hail"
[7]: https://waymo.com/blog/2025/11/taking-riders-further-safely-with-freeways?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Taking riders further, safely with freeways"
[8]: https://waymo.com/blog/2025/12/2025-year-in-review?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Delivering more for our riders in a year of incredible growth"
[9]: https://waymo.com/waymo-driver/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Self-Driving Car Technology for a Reliable Ride"
[10]: https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver: Optimized for costs ..."
[11]: https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "A look inside the sixth-generation Waymo Driver"
[12]: https://waymo.com/blog/2020/10/sharing-our-safety-framework?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Sharing our safety framework for fully autonomous operations"
[13]: https://waymo.com/blog/2025/12/demonstrably-safe-ai-for-autonomous-driving?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Demonstrably Safe AI For Autonomous Driving"
[14]: https://waymo.com/safety/impact/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo Safety Impact"
[15]: https://waymo.com/safety/research/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Published Safety Research Papers for Autonomous Vehicles"
[16]: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/12/25/waymo-robots-human-work/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "When robot taxis get stuck, a secret army of humans comes to the rescue"
[17]: https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/waymos-san-francisco-outage-raises-doubts-over-robotaxi-readiness-during-crises-2025-12-27/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo's San Francisco outage raises doubts over robotaxi readiness during crises"
[18]: https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"
[19]: https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/alphabets-waymo-expand-robotaxi-fleet-with-hyundai-evs-2024-10-04/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Alphabet's Waymo to expand robotaxi fleet with Hyundai EVs"
[20]: https://waymo.com/blog/2024/09/waymo-and-uber-expand-partnership?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo and Uber expand partnership to bring autonomous ..."
[21]: https://www.theverge.com/news/623302/waymo-uber-austin-robotaxi-app-launch?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Waymo is now available exclusively on Uber in Austin"
[22]: https://research.contrary.com/report/tesla-waymo-and-the-great-sensor-debate?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Deep Dive: Tesla, Waymo, and the Great Sensor Debate"