## EN: Why “Tourism Paradise Spain” Can Turn Into “Ghost Towns” ## KR: 관광천국 스페인…
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## EN: Why “Tourism Paradise Spain” Can Turn Into “Ghost Towns”
## KR: 관광천국 스페인이 ‘유령 마을’이 되는 충격적인 이유
---
## English (EN)
### What people mean by “Spain becoming ghost towns”
In Spain, “ghost town” is usually not one single phenomenon. It typically refers to **three different (but connected) realities**:
1. **The emptied interior (“España vaciada”)**: inland villages lose population for decades until schools, clinics, shops, and buses disappear—then the town effectively “dies.”
2. **Tourist-hotspot hollowing**: city centers and islands stay crowded with visitors but **locals are pushed out** by housing costs and short-term rentals—so neighborhoods feel “local-life empty.”
3. **Seasonal towns**: beach and resort areas can be full in summer but feel deserted off-season.
---
### 1) Track A — The “Emptied Spain” interior: how villages quietly vanish
Spain has a long-running **population concentration problem**: large cities and coastal corridors capture jobs and services while much of the interior ages and shrinks. A frequently cited framing is that **over 80% of people live in urban areas covering roughly 20% of the territory**—a spatial imbalance at the heart of “España vaciada.” ([Revistas USC][1])
**Why it turns into ghost towns (mechanism)**
* **Jobs leave first**: agriculture mechanizes; local industry is limited; young people move to Madrid/Barcelona/Valencia/Basque Country corridors.
* **Services follow population loss**: when residents drop below thresholds, towns lose schools, health services, banks, and public transport; this accelerates out-migration.
* **Demographic trap**: the remaining population becomes older; fewer births; fewer working-age adults; fewer local businesses.
* **Municipal fragmentation amplifies it**: Spain has a very large number of tiny municipalities—one study notes **50% of municipalities have under 500 inhabitants and 1,360 have under 100**, which makes service provision expensive and fragile. ([Universitat de Barcelona][2])
**Concrete examples that illustrate “near-emptiness”**
* **Soria** (Castile and León) is often referenced as a symbol of sparse settlement—around **~9 inhabitants/km²**, among the lowest densities in the EU context. ([위키백과][3])
* Media and research coverage of “Empty Spain” repeatedly highlights extremely low densities and aging in at-risk towns. ([france24.com][4])
**Why this is “shocking” even in a rich tourism country**
Tourism concentrates money in certain destinations, but rural depopulation is driven by **year-round employment, services, and connectivity**, not by seasonal visitor spending. You can have world-class tourism in Barcelona and still have inland villages with only a handful of residents.
---
### 2) Track B — Tourist hotspots that become “local-life ghost towns”
Spain is experiencing **record tourism volumes**. Spain’s official statistics (INE FRONTUR) report that in the **first 10 months of 2025** international arrivals reached the highest level in the series, **approaching 85.7 million**. ([ine.es][5])
More visitors can mean more jobs—yet in certain locations, the tourism model creates a harsh trade-off:
**How a crowded place becomes “empty” for residents**
* **Housing conversion**: residential stock shifts to short-term tourist rentals; rents rise; locals (especially younger workers) relocate outward or leave entirely.
* **Cost of living pressure**: groceries may not explode, but **rent + eating out + daily congestion costs** rise fast enough to push residents out.
* **Public-space overload**: overcrowding, noise, and strained infrastructure reduce livability.
**Barcelona as a clear signal**
Barcelona announced it plans to **scrap licenses for 10,101 tourist apartments by 2028** to address housing pressures and livability—reported by Reuters and widely covered internationally. ([Reuters][6])
**Islands as the “pressure cooker”**
Reuters reported thousands protesting overtourism in the Canary Islands in 2025, citing stress on **housing, traffic, water supplies, and public services**, with monthly foreign tourists exceeding **one million**—close to half the islands’ population scale. ([Reuters][7])
**Regulatory backlash is now European-scale**
The EU has moved toward stronger frameworks to let local authorities manage short-term rentals as part of addressing housing shortages. ([가디언][8])
Spain’s consumer-rights enforcement has also escalated: AP reported a **€64 million** fine against Airbnb for allegedly listing unlicensed rentals amid the housing crisis debate. ([AP News][9])
---
### 3) Track C — Seasonal “ghosting”: beach towns that empty out
Even without depopulation, many resort areas experience “ghost town winters”:
* second homes and tourist apartments dominate the housing stock,
* local retail becomes visitor-dependent,
* off-season employment collapses,
* young residents relocate for stable work.
This is not “abandonment” like the interior—rather, it is **seasonal hollowing**.
---
### 4) The hidden accelerators: climate stress and infrastructure limits
In rural interiors and islands alike, **water and climate volatility** can intensify stress:
* drought episodes and water governance conflicts can make rural life harder and raise operating costs for agriculture and small tourism, as reported in on-the-ground coverage of Spanish villages facing water problems. ([가디언][10])
* in islands, limited land + infrastructure originally built for smaller populations amplifies tourism pressure (housing, water, waste). ([Reuters][7])
---
### 5) “So what?” — Why this matters beyond headlines
* **Economic fragility**: tourism-heavy places become vulnerable to shocks (pandemics, climate events, geopolitical shifts).
* **Social legitimacy**: when locals can’t live where they work, the model becomes politically unstable (protests, restrictions, fines). ([Reuters][7])
* **Territorial inequality**: the interior empties while hotspots overheat—two crises at once.
---
### 6) Practical applications (policy, business, and travel behavior)
**For policy & cities**
* cap or tightly regulate short-term rentals where housing stress is acute (Barcelona model). ([Reuters][6])
* shift tourism incentives toward **off-season** and **lower-impact dispersal**, but avoid “viral influencer” crowding that overloads fragile sites (seen in Balearics policy debates). ([가디언][11])
**For businesses**
* invest where stable year-round demand exists (education, healthcare access, remote work hubs) in depopulating zones; tourism alone rarely repopulates towns sustainably.
**For travelers**
* choose shoulder seasons, respect water scarcity rules, and prefer accommodations that don’t remove long-term housing from residents in high-stress areas.
---
## 한국어 (KR)
### “스페인이 유령 마을이 된다”는 말의 정확한 의미
스페인에서 ‘유령 마을’은 보통 3가지가 섞여 쓰입니다.
1. **내륙 농촌의 소멸(‘España vaciada’, 텅 빈 스페인)**: 사람이 줄어 학교·병원·가게·교통이 사라지고 결국 마을 기능이 멈춤.
2. **관광지의 ‘현지인 퇴거형 공동화’**: 관광객은 넘치는데 **주거가 관광용으로 전환**되고 임대료가 폭등해 주민이 빠져나가 “동네가 비어 보이는” 현상.
3. **계절형 공동화**: 휴양지는 여름엔 만원, 겨울엔 텅 빈 ‘비수기 유령도시’가 되기 쉬움.
---
### 1) 트랙 A — 내륙 ‘España vaciada’: 마을이 사라지는 구조
핵심은 **공간 불균형**입니다. 자주 인용되는 설명으로, 스페인은 **인구의 80% 이상이 국토의 약 20%에 해당하는 도시권에 집중**되어 있다는 식의 “쏠림”이 장기 문제로 제시됩니다. ([Revistas USC][1])
**왜 유령 마을이 되는가(연쇄 반응)**
* **일자리 먼저 사라짐**: 농업 기계화·산업 집중으로 청년층이 대도시로 이동
* **서비스가 뒤따라 철수**: 인구가 일정 수준 아래로 내려가면 학교·진료·은행·버스가 유지되지 않음
* **고령화 함정**: 남은 사람은 고령층 중심 → 출생 감소 → 상권 붕괴 → 추가 유출
* **초소형 지자체가 많아 취약**: 한 연구는 스페인 지자체의 **50%가 인구 500명 미만, 1,360개는 100명 미만**이라고 지적하며, 서비스 유지가 구조적으로 어렵다고 봅니다. ([Universitat de Barcelona][2])
**상징적 사례**
* **소리아(Soria)**는 대표적인 저밀도 지역으로 **㎢당 약 9명 수준**이라는 자료가 널리 인용됩니다(유럽에서도 매우 낮은 편). ([위키백과][3])
* 프랑스24 등은 실제로 “주민 1명만 남은 마을” 같은 사례까지 소개하며 농촌 공동화가 유럽에서도 심각한 수준임을 보도합니다. ([france24.com][4])
---
### 2) 트랙 B — 관광지가 ‘현지인 유령동네’가 되는 이유(오버투어리즘)
스페인은 최근 **국제관광이 기록적 수준**입니다. 스페인 통계청(INE) FRONTUR는 2025년 1~10월 누적 국제관광객이 시계열 최고 수준에 도달해 **약 8,570만 명에 근접**했다고 밝혔습니다. ([ine.es][5])
**관광객은 많아도 주민이 줄어드는 메커니즘**
* **주거의 관광화**: 장기임대가 단기임대로 전환 → 임대료 상승 → 주민이 외곽으로 밀려남
* **생활비 ‘핵심 항목’ 폭등**: 물가 평균보다 **월세/임차료**가 체감을 지배
* **도시 기능의 관광 특화**: 동네 상점이 주민용에서 관광용으로 바뀌며 생활 편의가 악화
**바르셀로나: 정책 전환의 신호탄**
바르셀로나는 2028년까지 **관광용 아파트(허가형) 10,101채의 라이선스를 없애겠다**고 발표했습니다(주거비·거주성 문제 대응). 로이터 보도로 확인됩니다. ([Reuters][6])
**카나리아 제도: ‘섬’은 압력이 더 크게 폭발**
2025년 로이터는 카나리아 제도에서 대규모 반(反)오버투어리즘 시위를 보도하며, 주민들이 **주거·교통·물·공공서비스 부담**을 문제 삼았다고 전했습니다(월 100만 명대 외국 관광객 규모 언급). ([Reuters][7])
**단기임대 규제는 이제 EU 차원으로 확대**
EU도 주거난 대응의 일환으로 단기임대 규제 틀을 강화하려는 움직임을 보도기관이 전했습니다. ([가디언][8])
또 AP는 스페인 정부가 무허가 관광임대 논란과 관련해 Airbnb에 **€64m(6,400만 유로)** 벌금을 부과했다고 보도했습니다. ([AP News][9])
---
### 3) 트랙 C — “여름만 살고 겨울엔 죽는” 계절형 유령도시
해안 휴양지는
* 세컨드하우스/관광임대 비중 증가,
* 관광 성수기 의존 상권,
* 비수기 고용 붕괴
로 인해 “비수기 유령도시”가 되기 쉽습니다. 내륙 소멸과는 다르지만, **지역 공동화**라는 점에서 체감은 비슷해집니다.
---
### 4) 추가 가속 요인: 물·기후 스트레스
* 가뭄과 수자원 갈등, 극단적 기상은 농촌·소도시 생활비와 지역 산업을 압박할 수 있습니다(스페인 마을의 물 문제를 다룬 현장 보도 사례). ([가디언][10])
* 섬 지역은 인프라가 관광 급증 속도를 따라가지 못할 때(물·폐기물·교통) 갈등이 폭발합니다. ([Reuters][7])
---
### 5) 이 현상이 “충격적”인 이유(핵심 요약)
스페인은 **관광 기록 경신**과 동시에 **농촌 소멸**과 **관광지 주거 위기**를 겪는, “두 개의 위기가 동시에 진행”되는 구조입니다. ([ine.es][5])
---
## 日本語 (JA)
スペインの「ゴーストタウン化」は主に3類型です。
1. 内陸の人口流出（España vaciada）：都市に人口が集中し、地方は学校・医療・交通が維持できず消滅へ。人口の集中（都市域が国土の一部なのに人口が大半）という不均衡が背景。 ([Revistas USC][1])
2. 観光地の“住民追い出し型”空洞化：観光客は多いが、短期賃貸化で家賃が上がり、住民が外へ出ていく。バルセロナは2028年までに観光アパート許可（10,101件）を廃止する方針を発表。 ([Reuters][6])
3. 季節型：夏は満員、冬は閑散。
観光は記録的水準（INE FRONTURで2025年1–10月が約8,570万人に接近）。 ([ine.es][5])
カナリア諸島では住宅・水・公共サービス負担を理由に反オーバーツーリズムの抗議が報道。 ([Reuters][7])
---
## Español (ES)
En España, “pueblos fantasma” suele referirse a tres procesos conectados:
1. **España vaciada (interior)**: décadas de éxodo rural y envejecimiento; se pierden servicios básicos. Se cita el fuerte desequilibrio territorial (gran parte de la población concentrada en áreas urbanas relativamente pequeñas). ([Revistas USC][1])
2. **Hollowing-out en destinos turísticos**: la vivienda se convierte en alquiler turístico, suben rentas y los residentes se desplazan. Barcelona anunció eliminar licencias de 10.101 apartamentos turísticos para 2028. ([Reuters][6])
3. **Estacionalidad**: localidades de costa llenas en verano y vacías en invierno.
Además, el turismo está en niveles récord (INE FRONTUR: 2025 ene–oct cerca de 85,7 millones). ([ine.es][5])
En Canarias hubo protestas masivas por presión sobre vivienda, agua y servicios. ([Reuters][7])
---
## Français (FR)
Le terme “villages fantômes” en Espagne recouvre généralement :
1. **La “España vaciada” (intérieur)** : exode rural, vieillissement, disparition des services. Une lecture fréquente souligne la concentration de la population dans les zones urbaines par rapport au territoire. ([Revistas USC][1])
2. **L’évidement des centres touristiques** : conversion du logement en location de courte durée, hausse des loyers, départ des habitants. Barcelone prévoit de supprimer les licences de 10 101 appartements touristiques d’ici 2028. ([Reuters][6])
3. **La saisonnalité** : stations balnéaires pleines l’été, désertes l’hiver.
Le tourisme bat des records (INE FRONTUR : 2025 jan–oct proche de 85,7 millions). ([ine.es][5])
Aux Canaries, des manifestations ont dénoncé la pression sur le logement, l’eau et les services publics. ([Reuters][7])
---
* [Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/thousands-protest-against-overtourism-spains-canary-islands-2025-05-18/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [AP News](https://apnews.com/article/fa2bdc048a63aa5632f2c59373b70b46?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [가디언](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/19/balearics-hit-back-at-selfie-tourism-as-sites-become-overwhelmed?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [AP News](https://apnews.com/article/c9ef4af335ac6194dc4a71f73c4af4eb?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [가디언](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/16/eu-to-regulate-short-term-rentals-in-plan-to-tackle-affordable-homes-shortage?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
[1]: https://revistas.usc.gal/index.php/rge/article/view/8365/12063?utm_source=chatgpt.com "“Emptied Spain” and the limits of domestic and EU ..."
[2]: https://www.ub.edu/grel/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/One-Size-Does-Not-Fit-All-Growing-Cities-and-Shrinking-Towns-in-the-Spanish-Local-Map.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Growing Cities and Shrinking Towns in the Spanish Local ..."
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Soria?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Province of Soria"
[4]: https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/focus/20250625-reversing-the-tide-of-urbanisation-spain-seeks-to-repopulate-rural-villages?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Focus - Reversing the tide of urbanisation: Spain seeks to ..."
[5]: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/en/FRONTUR1025.htm?print=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com "Tourist Movements at Borders (FRONTUR)"
[6]: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/top-tourist-destination-barcelona-plans-shut-all-holiday-apartments-by-2028-2024-06-21/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Barcelona plans to shut all holiday apartments by 2028"
[7]: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/thousands-protest-against-overtourism-spains-canary-islands-2025-05-18/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Thousands protest against overtourism in Spain's Canary Islands"
[8]: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/16/eu-to-regulate-short-term-rentals-in-plan-to-tackle-affordable-homes-shortage?utm_source=chatgpt.com "EU to regulate short-term rentals in plan to tackle affordable homes shortage"
[9]: https://apnews.com/article/fa2bdc048a63aa5632f2c59373b70b46?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Spain fines Airbnb $75 million for unlicensed tourist rentals"
[10]: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2024/nov/23/spanish-villages-people-forced-to-buy-back-own-drinking-water-drought-flood?utm_source=chatgpt.com "'It's not drought - it's looting': the Spanish villages where ..."
[11]: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/19/balearics-hit-back-at-selfie-tourism-as-sites-become-overwhelmed?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Balearics hit back at 'selfie tourism' as sites become overwhelmed"
## KR: 관광천국 스페인이 ‘유령 마을’이 되는 충격적인 이유
---
## English (EN)
### What people mean by “Spain becoming ghost towns”
In Spain, “ghost town” is usually not one single phenomenon. It typically refers to **three different (but connected) realities**:
1. **The emptied interior (“España vaciada”)**: inland villages lose population for decades until schools, clinics, shops, and buses disappear—then the town effectively “dies.”
2. **Tourist-hotspot hollowing**: city centers and islands stay crowded with visitors but **locals are pushed out** by housing costs and short-term rentals—so neighborhoods feel “local-life empty.”
3. **Seasonal towns**: beach and resort areas can be full in summer but feel deserted off-season.
---
### 1) Track A — The “Emptied Spain” interior: how villages quietly vanish
Spain has a long-running **population concentration problem**: large cities and coastal corridors capture jobs and services while much of the interior ages and shrinks. A frequently cited framing is that **over 80% of people live in urban areas covering roughly 20% of the territory**—a spatial imbalance at the heart of “España vaciada.” ([Revistas USC][1])
**Why it turns into ghost towns (mechanism)**
* **Jobs leave first**: agriculture mechanizes; local industry is limited; young people move to Madrid/Barcelona/Valencia/Basque Country corridors.
* **Services follow population loss**: when residents drop below thresholds, towns lose schools, health services, banks, and public transport; this accelerates out-migration.
* **Demographic trap**: the remaining population becomes older; fewer births; fewer working-age adults; fewer local businesses.
* **Municipal fragmentation amplifies it**: Spain has a very large number of tiny municipalities—one study notes **50% of municipalities have under 500 inhabitants and 1,360 have under 100**, which makes service provision expensive and fragile. ([Universitat de Barcelona][2])
**Concrete examples that illustrate “near-emptiness”**
* **Soria** (Castile and León) is often referenced as a symbol of sparse settlement—around **~9 inhabitants/km²**, among the lowest densities in the EU context. ([위키백과][3])
* Media and research coverage of “Empty Spain” repeatedly highlights extremely low densities and aging in at-risk towns. ([france24.com][4])
**Why this is “shocking” even in a rich tourism country**
Tourism concentrates money in certain destinations, but rural depopulation is driven by **year-round employment, services, and connectivity**, not by seasonal visitor spending. You can have world-class tourism in Barcelona and still have inland villages with only a handful of residents.
---
### 2) Track B — Tourist hotspots that become “local-life ghost towns”
Spain is experiencing **record tourism volumes**. Spain’s official statistics (INE FRONTUR) report that in the **first 10 months of 2025** international arrivals reached the highest level in the series, **approaching 85.7 million**. ([ine.es][5])
More visitors can mean more jobs—yet in certain locations, the tourism model creates a harsh trade-off:
**How a crowded place becomes “empty” for residents**
* **Housing conversion**: residential stock shifts to short-term tourist rentals; rents rise; locals (especially younger workers) relocate outward or leave entirely.
* **Cost of living pressure**: groceries may not explode, but **rent + eating out + daily congestion costs** rise fast enough to push residents out.
* **Public-space overload**: overcrowding, noise, and strained infrastructure reduce livability.
**Barcelona as a clear signal**
Barcelona announced it plans to **scrap licenses for 10,101 tourist apartments by 2028** to address housing pressures and livability—reported by Reuters and widely covered internationally. ([Reuters][6])
**Islands as the “pressure cooker”**
Reuters reported thousands protesting overtourism in the Canary Islands in 2025, citing stress on **housing, traffic, water supplies, and public services**, with monthly foreign tourists exceeding **one million**—close to half the islands’ population scale. ([Reuters][7])
**Regulatory backlash is now European-scale**
The EU has moved toward stronger frameworks to let local authorities manage short-term rentals as part of addressing housing shortages. ([가디언][8])
Spain’s consumer-rights enforcement has also escalated: AP reported a **€64 million** fine against Airbnb for allegedly listing unlicensed rentals amid the housing crisis debate. ([AP News][9])
---
### 3) Track C — Seasonal “ghosting”: beach towns that empty out
Even without depopulation, many resort areas experience “ghost town winters”:
* second homes and tourist apartments dominate the housing stock,
* local retail becomes visitor-dependent,
* off-season employment collapses,
* young residents relocate for stable work.
This is not “abandonment” like the interior—rather, it is **seasonal hollowing**.
---
### 4) The hidden accelerators: climate stress and infrastructure limits
In rural interiors and islands alike, **water and climate volatility** can intensify stress:
* drought episodes and water governance conflicts can make rural life harder and raise operating costs for agriculture and small tourism, as reported in on-the-ground coverage of Spanish villages facing water problems. ([가디언][10])
* in islands, limited land + infrastructure originally built for smaller populations amplifies tourism pressure (housing, water, waste). ([Reuters][7])
---
### 5) “So what?” — Why this matters beyond headlines
* **Economic fragility**: tourism-heavy places become vulnerable to shocks (pandemics, climate events, geopolitical shifts).
* **Social legitimacy**: when locals can’t live where they work, the model becomes politically unstable (protests, restrictions, fines). ([Reuters][7])
* **Territorial inequality**: the interior empties while hotspots overheat—two crises at once.
---
### 6) Practical applications (policy, business, and travel behavior)
**For policy & cities**
* cap or tightly regulate short-term rentals where housing stress is acute (Barcelona model). ([Reuters][6])
* shift tourism incentives toward **off-season** and **lower-impact dispersal**, but avoid “viral influencer” crowding that overloads fragile sites (seen in Balearics policy debates). ([가디언][11])
**For businesses**
* invest where stable year-round demand exists (education, healthcare access, remote work hubs) in depopulating zones; tourism alone rarely repopulates towns sustainably.
**For travelers**
* choose shoulder seasons, respect water scarcity rules, and prefer accommodations that don’t remove long-term housing from residents in high-stress areas.
---
## 한국어 (KR)
### “스페인이 유령 마을이 된다”는 말의 정확한 의미
스페인에서 ‘유령 마을’은 보통 3가지가 섞여 쓰입니다.
1. **내륙 농촌의 소멸(‘España vaciada’, 텅 빈 스페인)**: 사람이 줄어 학교·병원·가게·교통이 사라지고 결국 마을 기능이 멈춤.
2. **관광지의 ‘현지인 퇴거형 공동화’**: 관광객은 넘치는데 **주거가 관광용으로 전환**되고 임대료가 폭등해 주민이 빠져나가 “동네가 비어 보이는” 현상.
3. **계절형 공동화**: 휴양지는 여름엔 만원, 겨울엔 텅 빈 ‘비수기 유령도시’가 되기 쉬움.
---
### 1) 트랙 A — 내륙 ‘España vaciada’: 마을이 사라지는 구조
핵심은 **공간 불균형**입니다. 자주 인용되는 설명으로, 스페인은 **인구의 80% 이상이 국토의 약 20%에 해당하는 도시권에 집중**되어 있다는 식의 “쏠림”이 장기 문제로 제시됩니다. ([Revistas USC][1])
**왜 유령 마을이 되는가(연쇄 반응)**
* **일자리 먼저 사라짐**: 농업 기계화·산업 집중으로 청년층이 대도시로 이동
* **서비스가 뒤따라 철수**: 인구가 일정 수준 아래로 내려가면 학교·진료·은행·버스가 유지되지 않음
* **고령화 함정**: 남은 사람은 고령층 중심 → 출생 감소 → 상권 붕괴 → 추가 유출
* **초소형 지자체가 많아 취약**: 한 연구는 스페인 지자체의 **50%가 인구 500명 미만, 1,360개는 100명 미만**이라고 지적하며, 서비스 유지가 구조적으로 어렵다고 봅니다. ([Universitat de Barcelona][2])
**상징적 사례**
* **소리아(Soria)**는 대표적인 저밀도 지역으로 **㎢당 약 9명 수준**이라는 자료가 널리 인용됩니다(유럽에서도 매우 낮은 편). ([위키백과][3])
* 프랑스24 등은 실제로 “주민 1명만 남은 마을” 같은 사례까지 소개하며 농촌 공동화가 유럽에서도 심각한 수준임을 보도합니다. ([france24.com][4])
---
### 2) 트랙 B — 관광지가 ‘현지인 유령동네’가 되는 이유(오버투어리즘)
스페인은 최근 **국제관광이 기록적 수준**입니다. 스페인 통계청(INE) FRONTUR는 2025년 1~10월 누적 국제관광객이 시계열 최고 수준에 도달해 **약 8,570만 명에 근접**했다고 밝혔습니다. ([ine.es][5])
**관광객은 많아도 주민이 줄어드는 메커니즘**
* **주거의 관광화**: 장기임대가 단기임대로 전환 → 임대료 상승 → 주민이 외곽으로 밀려남
* **생활비 ‘핵심 항목’ 폭등**: 물가 평균보다 **월세/임차료**가 체감을 지배
* **도시 기능의 관광 특화**: 동네 상점이 주민용에서 관광용으로 바뀌며 생활 편의가 악화
**바르셀로나: 정책 전환의 신호탄**
바르셀로나는 2028년까지 **관광용 아파트(허가형) 10,101채의 라이선스를 없애겠다**고 발표했습니다(주거비·거주성 문제 대응). 로이터 보도로 확인됩니다. ([Reuters][6])
**카나리아 제도: ‘섬’은 압력이 더 크게 폭발**
2025년 로이터는 카나리아 제도에서 대규모 반(反)오버투어리즘 시위를 보도하며, 주민들이 **주거·교통·물·공공서비스 부담**을 문제 삼았다고 전했습니다(월 100만 명대 외국 관광객 규모 언급). ([Reuters][7])
**단기임대 규제는 이제 EU 차원으로 확대**
EU도 주거난 대응의 일환으로 단기임대 규제 틀을 강화하려는 움직임을 보도기관이 전했습니다. ([가디언][8])
또 AP는 스페인 정부가 무허가 관광임대 논란과 관련해 Airbnb에 **€64m(6,400만 유로)** 벌금을 부과했다고 보도했습니다. ([AP News][9])
---
### 3) 트랙 C — “여름만 살고 겨울엔 죽는” 계절형 유령도시
해안 휴양지는
* 세컨드하우스/관광임대 비중 증가,
* 관광 성수기 의존 상권,
* 비수기 고용 붕괴
로 인해 “비수기 유령도시”가 되기 쉽습니다. 내륙 소멸과는 다르지만, **지역 공동화**라는 점에서 체감은 비슷해집니다.
---
### 4) 추가 가속 요인: 물·기후 스트레스
* 가뭄과 수자원 갈등, 극단적 기상은 농촌·소도시 생활비와 지역 산업을 압박할 수 있습니다(스페인 마을의 물 문제를 다룬 현장 보도 사례). ([가디언][10])
* 섬 지역은 인프라가 관광 급증 속도를 따라가지 못할 때(물·폐기물·교통) 갈등이 폭발합니다. ([Reuters][7])
---
### 5) 이 현상이 “충격적”인 이유(핵심 요약)
스페인은 **관광 기록 경신**과 동시에 **농촌 소멸**과 **관광지 주거 위기**를 겪는, “두 개의 위기가 동시에 진행”되는 구조입니다. ([ine.es][5])
---
## 日本語 (JA)
スペインの「ゴーストタウン化」は主に3類型です。
1. 内陸の人口流出（España vaciada）：都市に人口が集中し、地方は学校・医療・交通が維持できず消滅へ。人口の集中（都市域が国土の一部なのに人口が大半）という不均衡が背景。 ([Revistas USC][1])
2. 観光地の“住民追い出し型”空洞化：観光客は多いが、短期賃貸化で家賃が上がり、住民が外へ出ていく。バルセロナは2028年までに観光アパート許可（10,101件）を廃止する方針を発表。 ([Reuters][6])
3. 季節型：夏は満員、冬は閑散。
観光は記録的水準（INE FRONTURで2025年1–10月が約8,570万人に接近）。 ([ine.es][5])
カナリア諸島では住宅・水・公共サービス負担を理由に反オーバーツーリズムの抗議が報道。 ([Reuters][7])
---
## Español (ES)
En España, “pueblos fantasma” suele referirse a tres procesos conectados:
1. **España vaciada (interior)**: décadas de éxodo rural y envejecimiento; se pierden servicios básicos. Se cita el fuerte desequilibrio territorial (gran parte de la población concentrada en áreas urbanas relativamente pequeñas). ([Revistas USC][1])
2. **Hollowing-out en destinos turísticos**: la vivienda se convierte en alquiler turístico, suben rentas y los residentes se desplazan. Barcelona anunció eliminar licencias de 10.101 apartamentos turísticos para 2028. ([Reuters][6])
3. **Estacionalidad**: localidades de costa llenas en verano y vacías en invierno.
Además, el turismo está en niveles récord (INE FRONTUR: 2025 ene–oct cerca de 85,7 millones). ([ine.es][5])
En Canarias hubo protestas masivas por presión sobre vivienda, agua y servicios. ([Reuters][7])
---
## Français (FR)
Le terme “villages fantômes” en Espagne recouvre généralement :
1. **La “España vaciada” (intérieur)** : exode rural, vieillissement, disparition des services. Une lecture fréquente souligne la concentration de la population dans les zones urbaines par rapport au territoire. ([Revistas USC][1])
2. **L’évidement des centres touristiques** : conversion du logement en location de courte durée, hausse des loyers, départ des habitants. Barcelone prévoit de supprimer les licences de 10 101 appartements touristiques d’ici 2028. ([Reuters][6])
3. **La saisonnalité** : stations balnéaires pleines l’été, désertes l’hiver.
Le tourisme bat des records (INE FRONTUR : 2025 jan–oct proche de 85,7 millions). ([ine.es][5])
Aux Canaries, des manifestations ont dénoncé la pression sur le logement, l’eau et les services publics. ([Reuters][7])
---
* [Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/thousands-protest-against-overtourism-spains-canary-islands-2025-05-18/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [AP News](https://apnews.com/article/fa2bdc048a63aa5632f2c59373b70b46?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [가디언](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/19/balearics-hit-back-at-selfie-tourism-as-sites-become-overwhelmed?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [AP News](https://apnews.com/article/c9ef4af335ac6194dc4a71f73c4af4eb?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* [가디언](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/16/eu-to-regulate-short-term-rentals-in-plan-to-tackle-affordable-homes-shortage?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
[1]: https://revistas.usc.gal/index.php/rge/article/view/8365/12063?utm_source=chatgpt.com "“Emptied Spain” and the limits of domestic and EU ..."
[2]: https://www.ub.edu/grel/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/One-Size-Does-Not-Fit-All-Growing-Cities-and-Shrinking-Towns-in-the-Spanish-Local-Map.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Growing Cities and Shrinking Towns in the Spanish Local ..."
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Soria?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Province of Soria"
[4]: https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/focus/20250625-reversing-the-tide-of-urbanisation-spain-seeks-to-repopulate-rural-villages?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Focus - Reversing the tide of urbanisation: Spain seeks to ..."
[5]: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/en/FRONTUR1025.htm?print=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com "Tourist Movements at Borders (FRONTUR)"
[6]: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/top-tourist-destination-barcelona-plans-shut-all-holiday-apartments-by-2028-2024-06-21/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Barcelona plans to shut all holiday apartments by 2028"
[7]: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/thousands-protest-against-overtourism-spains-canary-islands-2025-05-18/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Thousands protest against overtourism in Spain's Canary Islands"
[8]: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/16/eu-to-regulate-short-term-rentals-in-plan-to-tackle-affordable-homes-shortage?utm_source=chatgpt.com "EU to regulate short-term rentals in plan to tackle affordable homes shortage"
[9]: https://apnews.com/article/fa2bdc048a63aa5632f2c59373b70b46?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Spain fines Airbnb $75 million for unlicensed tourist rentals"
[10]: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2024/nov/23/spanish-villages-people-forced-to-buy-back-own-drinking-water-drought-flood?utm_source=chatgpt.com "'It's not drought - it's looting': the Spanish villages where ..."
[11]: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/19/balearics-hit-back-at-selfie-tourism-as-sites-become-overwhelmed?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Balearics hit back at 'selfie tourism' as sites become overwhelmed"