# Earth’s Biggest Gold Lodes — long-form guide (EN / KR / JA) # 지구 최대 금맥 장문 가이드…
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Date 25-11-06 01:02
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# Earth’s Biggest Gold Lodes — long-form guide (EN / KR / JA)
# 지구 최대 금맥 장문 가이드 (영어 / 한국어 / 일본어)
---
## English — Expanded, ranked explainer
**How this ranking works.** We rank **districts or single mega-deposits** by total **endowment** = historical **production** + remaining **reserves/resources** (company books and peer-reviewed syntheses). Because reporting codes differ (JORC, NI 43-101, PRMS) and operators update numbers, treat figures as **order-of-magnitude**. “District” = multiple mines sharing a geologic system; “deposit” = single orebody or tight cluster. 1 Moz = 1 million troy ounces; **31.1035 g/oz**.
---
### 1) Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa — the unrivaled giant
**Why it’s #1.** No other goldfield comes close: cumulative production on the order of **1.5–2.0+ billion oz**; substantial ounces remain at depth.
**Geology.** An ancient **paleoplacer** system (Archaean), where gold was laid down as detrital grains in conglomerate (“**reefs**”) around 2.9–2.7 Ga. The reef names—**Carbon Leader, Vaal, Ventersdorp Contact**—are legend in mining.
**Mining style & challenges.** Ultra-deep **underground stoping** (3–4 km below surface). The depth brings heat, rock pressure, and ventilation/power constraints; seismicity management is a constant art.
**Outlook.** Even with declining head grades and aging shafts, the **sheer size** means Wits remains a global anchor in the long term, albeit at lower output than its 20th-century peak.
---
### 2) Muruntau, Uzbekistan (Navoi) — largest single active deposit
**Scale.** Endowment commonly quoted at **~150+ Moz**. Year after year one of the top producing mines.
**Geology.** A vast **orogenic/stockwork-disseminated** system with sheeted veins and sulfidized host rocks across a huge footprint.
**Mining style.** A monumental **open pit** (visible from space), with in-pit crushing/ conveying and large-scale heap-leach/CIL trains depending on ore type.
**Outlook.** Continuing push to expand east/west flanks, upgrade infrastructure, and debottleneck processing keeps Muruntau in the elite club for decades.
---
### 3) Carlin Trend, Nevada, USA (incl. Carlin/Goldstrike; with Cortez close by)
**Scale.** Carlin alone has surpassed **100 Moz**; the broader Nevada **Carlin-type** belts (Carlin + Cortez + Getchell + Jerritt Canyon, etc.) exceed **~250 Moz** combined.
**Geology.** **Carlin-type** = very fine-grained, **disseminated gold in arsenian pyrite**, hosted by reactive **siliceous carbonates** (e.g., Roberts Mountains Fm.). Invisible gold, big tonnages, low–medium grades.
**Mining style.** A mix of **open pits** for oxide material (heap leach/CIL) and **underground** for high-grade refractory sulfides with **double-refractory** processing (pressure oxidation/roasting + CIL).
**Outlook.** Brownfields potential is persistent; improvements in refractory processing (autoclaves, POx) keep unlocking ounces.
---
### 4) Sukhoi Log, Irkutsk, Russia (Polyus) — largest undeveloped greenfield
**Scale.** Around **~81 Moz resources** and **~43 Moz reserves** on recent books, making it the world’s biggest **pre-production** gold deposit.
**Geology.** A **large, stratiform orogenic** system with multi-phase deformation and broad, low-to-moderate grades over enormous tonnage.
**Mining style (planned).** Conventional **open-pit + large CIL** with long mine life measured in generations.
**Outlook.** Capex and execution are the swing factors; if built to plan, Sukhoi Log will sit near the top of global output tables for decades.
---
### 5) Grasberg District, Central Papua, Indonesia (Freeport Indonesia)
**Scale.** A copper-gold porphyry complex with **~26 Moz Au P&P** and massive Cu; historically a **top-five** gold producer.
**Geology.** **Porphyry–skarn** system (Ertsberg/Grasberg) with vertical metal zoning and multiple intrusions; spectacular grades in certain skarn lenses.
**Mining style.** Transitioned from **open pit** (Grasberg) to multiple **block-cave underground** operations (DMLZ, GBC), requiring world-class cave management and ore-flow control.
**Outlook.** Gold output ebbs/flows with copper cave sequencing; high capital intensity but long runway.
---
### 6) Golden Mile / Kalgoorlie “Super Pit,” Western Australia (KCGM)
**Scale.** Historic production **>60 Moz** across the district.
**Geology.** **Orogenic lode** systems in Archean greenstones, with a dense network of quartz-sulfide veins—the “**Golden Mile**” moniker is earned.
**Mining style.** The iconic **Super Pit** consolidates many early shafts; current owners push both **open-pit** pushbacks and **underground** extensions.
**Outlook.** A classic brownfields story: constant resource conversion and near-mine discoveries extend mine life while mill upgrades chase throughput.
---
### 7) Lihir, Papua New Guinea (Newmont)
**Scale.** **~15.8 Moz reserves, ~20.4 Moz resources** recently reported.
**Geology.** A **high-sulfidation epithermal** system inside a volcanic **caldera**, with elevated temperatures and complex alteration.
**Mining style.** **Open pit**, with **whole-of-ore POx** (pressure oxidation) to treat refractory ore—one of the largest autoclave installations in gold mining.
**Outlook.** Process debottlenecking and pit design optimization drive steady long-term output; geothermal heat management is part of daily life.
---
### 8) Olimpiada, Krasnoyarsk, Russia (Polyus)
**Scale.** **~48 Moz resources, ~21 Moz reserves**; routinely among the top annual producers.
**Geology.** **Orogenic** gold hosted in metamorphic rocks with broad halos of lower-grade mineralization—perfect for large-scale open-pit mining.
**Mining style.** **Open pit** with large plant capacity; gravity + flotation + CIL circuits tailored to ore domains.
**Outlook.** Continued resource conversion and satellite deposits (e.g., Blagodatnoye) support district longevity.
---
### 9) Pueblo Viejo, Dominican Republic (Barrick/Newmont)
**Scale.** Roughly **~20 Moz reserves** and **~26 Moz resources** after major plant/power expansions.
**Geology.** **High-sulfidation epithermal** deposit formed in an ancient volcanic arc; gold occurs with enargite/pyrite and advanced argillic alteration.
**Mining style.** **Open pit** with **refractory processing** (oxidation + CIL). A life-extension project overhauled tailings/power to unlock more ounces.
**Outlook.** With infrastructure upgrades complete, PV remains a cornerstone Latin American gold operation.
---
### 10) Cadia District, New South Wales, Australia (Newmont; Au-Cu)
**Scale.** **~14.1 Moz reserves** and **~14.5 Moz resources** of gold (plus major copper credits).
**Geology.** **Porphyry** gold-copper cluster (Cadia East, Ridgeway) with bulk-tonnage, low-grade geometry suited to massive underground methods.
**Mining style.** **Panel caving** underground + large concentrators; the copper by-product underpins robust economics.
**Outlook.** A model of modern bulk underground mining—continued cave optimization and district exploration sustain a very long life.
---
### What this ranking is **not**
* Not a list of **highest annual output** (that leaderboard changes year-to-year).
* Not a list of **highest grades** (Fosterville, Brucejack, etc., shine here but carry fewer ounces in total).
* Not a prediction of **market value**—jurisdiction, capex, FX, ESG, and metallurgy can swing economics more than ounces alone.
**Glossary (quick).** *Reserves* = economically mineable under current plans; *Resources* = geological inventory (Measured/Indicated/Inferred). *Orogenic* = structurally controlled lodes formed during mountain-building; *Carlin-type* = micron-gold in arsenian pyrite in reactive carbonates; *Epithermal* = shallow, hot fluids; *Porphyry* = large, low-grade intrusions with Cu-Au.
---
## 한국어 — 확장판 해설
**순위 기준.** **엔도우먼트(Endowment)** = **누적 생산량 + 남은 매장/자원**. 보고 체계(JORC, NI 43-101 등)가 달라 수치는 **대략 규모 비교**로 보시면 안전합니다. “지구(district)”는 여러 광산이 얽힌 하나의 지질 시스템, “광체(deposit)”는 단일 또는 밀집된 광체를 뜻합니다.
### 1) 위트워터스란드 분지(남아공) — 절대강자
* **이유:** 누적 **15~20억 oz**급, 잔존 자원도 방대.
* **지질:** 선캄브리아 **고대 자갈층(고(古)사금의 퇴적)형**—일명 **리프(reef)**라 부르는 자갈층에 금이 농집.
* **채광/과제:** **초심부 지하채광(3~4 km)**, 고온·고압·통풍·지진 대응이 핵심.
* **전망:** 산출량은 예전보다 낮지만, **덩치 자체**가 워낙 커 장기 축으로 남습니다.
### 2) 무룬타우(우즈베키스탄) — 가동 중 단일 최대
* **규모:** **1억 5천만 oz+**로 인용, 연간 생산 상위권 고정.
* **지질:** 광역 **오로제닉/망상-확산형** 금화.
* **채광:** 초대형 **노천(open-pit)** + **침출/탄소침적(CIL)** 조합.
* **전망:** 주변 확장과 설비 업그레이드로 장수 광산 확정적.
### 3) 카를린 트렌드(미 네바다; 코르테즈 인접)
* **규모:** 카를린 단독 **100 Moz+**, 네바다 카를린형 전체 **~250 Moz+**.
* **지질:** **카를린형**—탄산염 암석 속 **비가시(미크론) 금**이 황철석에 미세 포획.
* **채광:** 산화광 **노천**(침출/CIL) + 황화광 **지하채광** 및 **이중 난처리**(산화/로스팅+흡착).
* **전망:** 갈수록 정교해지는 난처리 기술로 갈수록 **잠재 매장**이 열린다.
### 4) 수호이 로그(러 이르쿠츠크) — 최대 미개발
* **규모:** **자원 ~8,100만 oz / 매장 ~4,300만 oz**.
* **지질:** 광역 **오로제닉(변형대형)**, 낮~중품위 대톤수.
* **채광(계획):** **대형 노천 + CIL**에 기반한 초장기 운영.
* **전망:** 자금·실행력이 변수지만, 상업화 시 **세계 톱** 생산지로 장기 등재.
### 5) 그라스버그 지구(인도네시아 파푸아)
* **규모:** 금 **~2,600만 oz**(구리 동반), 역사적 톱급 산지.
* **지질:** **포피리–스카른** 복합, 다중 관입체·수직 금속대.
* **채광:** **노천 → 블록케이브(지하 대규모 붕락)** 전환.
* **전망:** 케이브 시퀀싱에 따라 금 생산 변동, 구리와 동조.
### 6) 골든 마일/칼굴리 수퍼 핏(호주 서호주)
* **규모:** 누적 **6,000만 oz+**.
* **지질:** **오로제닉 로드**(녹색편암대) veining 밀집.
* **채광:** **수퍼 핏 노천**과 **지하 연장** 병행.
* **전망:** 갈아타기(pushback)와 근접 탐사로 수명 연장.
### 7) 리히르(PNG)
* **규모:** **매장 ~1,580만 oz / 자원 ~2,040만 oz**.
* **지질:** **고황산성 에피서멀**, 화산 **칼데라** 내부.
* **채광:** **노천 + 전광석화(POx) 난처리**—세계 최대급 오토클레이브.
* **전망:** 공정 병목 해소, 열 관리가 핵심 과제.
### 8) 올림피아다(러 크라스노야르스크)
* **규모:** **자원 ~4,800만 / 매장 ~2,100만 oz**.
* **지질:** **오로제닉**—저·중품위 대규모 확산대.
* **채광:** **노천 + 중력/부유/흡착 일괄**.
* **전망:** 위성 광체와 함께 장수 지구 확정.
### 9) 푸에블로 비에호(도미니카 공화국)
* **규모:** **매장 ~2,000만 / 자원 ~2,600만 oz**(수명 연장 반영).
* **지질:** **고황산성 에피서멀**(화산호 기원).
* **채광:** **노천 + 난처리(산화/흡착)**, 설비/전력 확장 완료.
* **전망:** 라틴 아메리카 금 산업의 핵심 거점 유지.
### 10) 카디아 지구(호주 NSW; 금-구리)
* **규모:** 금 **매장 ~1,410만 / 자원 ~1,450만 oz**(+대규모 구리).
* **지질:** **포피리 Au-Cu** 다중 광체.
* **채광:** **패널 케이빙** 대규모 지하 + 컨센트레이터.
* **전망:** 구리 크레딧이 경제성 방패—극장형 장수 광산.
**주의사항 요약.** 이 순위는 **연간 생산**이나 **품위** 순위가 아닙니다. 법·정책·환율·환경·제련 난이도에 따라 경제성은 크게 달라집니다.
---
## 日本語 — 拡張版ガイド
**評価方法。** **エンダウメント**（累積生産＋残存埋蔵/資源）で地区/鉱床を順位化。報告規格が異なるため、数値は**規模感**として理解してください。
### 1) ウィットウォーターズランド盆地（南ア）
* **規模:** 累積 **15～20億oz**級。
* **地質:** **古代礫岩（古砂金の堆積）型**の“リーフ”に金が濃集。
* **採掘:** **超深部坑内採掘**（3–4 km）。
* **展望:** 産量は往年より減少も、**絶対量**の大きさは不変。
### 2) ムルンタウ（ウズベキスタン）
* **規模:** **1億5千万oz超**。
* **地質:** 広域 **造山帯型/網状–散在**鉱化。
* **採掘:** **巨大露天**＋**ヒープリーチ/CIL**。
* **展望:** 設備増強と周辺拡張で長寿命。
### 3) カーリン・トレンド（米ネバダ）
* **規模:** 単独で**100Moz超**、ネバダ全体 **~250Moz超**。
* **地質:** **カーリン型**（炭酸塩岩中の砒素黄鉄鉱に微細金）。
* **採掘:** **露天（酸化鉱）**＋**坑内（難処理硫化鉱）**、**POx/焙焼**などの難処理技術。
* **展望:** 処理技術の進歩が資源を解放。
### 4) スホイ・ログ（露・イルクーツク）— 未開発最大
* **規模:** **資源 ~8,100万 / 埋蔵 ~4,350万oz**。
* **地質:** **造山帯型**、大規模低～中品位。
* **採掘計画:** **露天 + 大型CIL**。
* **展望:** 建設実行が鍵、実現すれば世界上位の長寿命鉱山。
### 5) グラスバーグ地区（インドネシア）
* **規模:** 金 **~2,600万oz**（銅併産）。
* **地質:** **ポーフィリー–スカルン**複合。
* **採掘:** **露天**から**ブロックケービング**へ移行。
* **展望:** ケーブの進行で金産量は変動。
### 6) ゴールデン・マイル／カルグーリー・スーパー・ピット（豪州）
* **規模:** 累積 **6,000万oz超**。
* **地質:** **造山帯型ロウド**（緑色岩帯）密集脈。
* **採掘:** **露天押し広げ**＋**坑内延伸**。
* **展望:** ブラウンフィールドで寿命延長。
### 7) リヒール（パプアニューギニア）
* **規模:** **埋蔵 ~1,580万 / 資源 ~2,040万oz**。
* **地質:** **高硫化エピサーマル**、**カルデラ**内。
* **採掘:** **露天**＋**全鉱石POx**の難処理。
* **展望:** プロセス増強と熱管理が肝。
### 8) オリンピアーダ（露・クラスノヤルスク）
* **規模:** **資源 ~4,800万 / 埋蔵 ~2,100万oz**。
* **地質:** **造山帯型**の大規模拡散鉱化。
* **採掘:** **露天**＋**重選/浮選/CIL**の複合回収。
* **展望:** 衛星鉱床と一体で長期継続。
### 9) プエブロ・ビエホ（ドミニカ共和国）
* **規模:** **埋蔵 ~2,000万 / 総資源 ~2,600万oz**。
* **地質:** **高硫化エピサーマル**。
* **採掘:** **露天**＋**難処理（酸化＋吸着）**。
* **展望:** インフラ刷新により長寿命基盤を強化。
### 10) カディア地区（豪NSW；金–銅）
* **規模:** 金 **埋蔵 ~1,410万 / 資源 ~1,450万oz**（銅大）。
* **地質:** **ポーフィリーAu-Cu**群。
* **採掘:** **パネルケービング**大規模坑内＋選鉱。
* **展望:** 銅クレジットが経済性を下支え、非常に長い鉱山寿命。
**補足。** これは**年産量**や**高品位**の順位ではありません。司法制度、為替、環境・社会・ガバナンス、冶金の難易度で経済性は大きく変動します。
---
**Want more?** I can:
* Re-rank by **current annual output** with 2024–2025 figures,
* Add a **map** (lat/long) and **geology type** for each site,
* Build a quick **investor sheet** (operators, royalties, processing, key risks).
# 지구 최대 금맥 장문 가이드 (영어 / 한국어 / 일본어)
---
## English — Expanded, ranked explainer
**How this ranking works.** We rank **districts or single mega-deposits** by total **endowment** = historical **production** + remaining **reserves/resources** (company books and peer-reviewed syntheses). Because reporting codes differ (JORC, NI 43-101, PRMS) and operators update numbers, treat figures as **order-of-magnitude**. “District” = multiple mines sharing a geologic system; “deposit” = single orebody or tight cluster. 1 Moz = 1 million troy ounces; **31.1035 g/oz**.
---
### 1) Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa — the unrivaled giant
**Why it’s #1.** No other goldfield comes close: cumulative production on the order of **1.5–2.0+ billion oz**; substantial ounces remain at depth.
**Geology.** An ancient **paleoplacer** system (Archaean), where gold was laid down as detrital grains in conglomerate (“**reefs**”) around 2.9–2.7 Ga. The reef names—**Carbon Leader, Vaal, Ventersdorp Contact**—are legend in mining.
**Mining style & challenges.** Ultra-deep **underground stoping** (3–4 km below surface). The depth brings heat, rock pressure, and ventilation/power constraints; seismicity management is a constant art.
**Outlook.** Even with declining head grades and aging shafts, the **sheer size** means Wits remains a global anchor in the long term, albeit at lower output than its 20th-century peak.
---
### 2) Muruntau, Uzbekistan (Navoi) — largest single active deposit
**Scale.** Endowment commonly quoted at **~150+ Moz**. Year after year one of the top producing mines.
**Geology.** A vast **orogenic/stockwork-disseminated** system with sheeted veins and sulfidized host rocks across a huge footprint.
**Mining style.** A monumental **open pit** (visible from space), with in-pit crushing/ conveying and large-scale heap-leach/CIL trains depending on ore type.
**Outlook.** Continuing push to expand east/west flanks, upgrade infrastructure, and debottleneck processing keeps Muruntau in the elite club for decades.
---
### 3) Carlin Trend, Nevada, USA (incl. Carlin/Goldstrike; with Cortez close by)
**Scale.** Carlin alone has surpassed **100 Moz**; the broader Nevada **Carlin-type** belts (Carlin + Cortez + Getchell + Jerritt Canyon, etc.) exceed **~250 Moz** combined.
**Geology.** **Carlin-type** = very fine-grained, **disseminated gold in arsenian pyrite**, hosted by reactive **siliceous carbonates** (e.g., Roberts Mountains Fm.). Invisible gold, big tonnages, low–medium grades.
**Mining style.** A mix of **open pits** for oxide material (heap leach/CIL) and **underground** for high-grade refractory sulfides with **double-refractory** processing (pressure oxidation/roasting + CIL).
**Outlook.** Brownfields potential is persistent; improvements in refractory processing (autoclaves, POx) keep unlocking ounces.
---
### 4) Sukhoi Log, Irkutsk, Russia (Polyus) — largest undeveloped greenfield
**Scale.** Around **~81 Moz resources** and **~43 Moz reserves** on recent books, making it the world’s biggest **pre-production** gold deposit.
**Geology.** A **large, stratiform orogenic** system with multi-phase deformation and broad, low-to-moderate grades over enormous tonnage.
**Mining style (planned).** Conventional **open-pit + large CIL** with long mine life measured in generations.
**Outlook.** Capex and execution are the swing factors; if built to plan, Sukhoi Log will sit near the top of global output tables for decades.
---
### 5) Grasberg District, Central Papua, Indonesia (Freeport Indonesia)
**Scale.** A copper-gold porphyry complex with **~26 Moz Au P&P** and massive Cu; historically a **top-five** gold producer.
**Geology.** **Porphyry–skarn** system (Ertsberg/Grasberg) with vertical metal zoning and multiple intrusions; spectacular grades in certain skarn lenses.
**Mining style.** Transitioned from **open pit** (Grasberg) to multiple **block-cave underground** operations (DMLZ, GBC), requiring world-class cave management and ore-flow control.
**Outlook.** Gold output ebbs/flows with copper cave sequencing; high capital intensity but long runway.
---
### 6) Golden Mile / Kalgoorlie “Super Pit,” Western Australia (KCGM)
**Scale.** Historic production **>60 Moz** across the district.
**Geology.** **Orogenic lode** systems in Archean greenstones, with a dense network of quartz-sulfide veins—the “**Golden Mile**” moniker is earned.
**Mining style.** The iconic **Super Pit** consolidates many early shafts; current owners push both **open-pit** pushbacks and **underground** extensions.
**Outlook.** A classic brownfields story: constant resource conversion and near-mine discoveries extend mine life while mill upgrades chase throughput.
---
### 7) Lihir, Papua New Guinea (Newmont)
**Scale.** **~15.8 Moz reserves, ~20.4 Moz resources** recently reported.
**Geology.** A **high-sulfidation epithermal** system inside a volcanic **caldera**, with elevated temperatures and complex alteration.
**Mining style.** **Open pit**, with **whole-of-ore POx** (pressure oxidation) to treat refractory ore—one of the largest autoclave installations in gold mining.
**Outlook.** Process debottlenecking and pit design optimization drive steady long-term output; geothermal heat management is part of daily life.
---
### 8) Olimpiada, Krasnoyarsk, Russia (Polyus)
**Scale.** **~48 Moz resources, ~21 Moz reserves**; routinely among the top annual producers.
**Geology.** **Orogenic** gold hosted in metamorphic rocks with broad halos of lower-grade mineralization—perfect for large-scale open-pit mining.
**Mining style.** **Open pit** with large plant capacity; gravity + flotation + CIL circuits tailored to ore domains.
**Outlook.** Continued resource conversion and satellite deposits (e.g., Blagodatnoye) support district longevity.
---
### 9) Pueblo Viejo, Dominican Republic (Barrick/Newmont)
**Scale.** Roughly **~20 Moz reserves** and **~26 Moz resources** after major plant/power expansions.
**Geology.** **High-sulfidation epithermal** deposit formed in an ancient volcanic arc; gold occurs with enargite/pyrite and advanced argillic alteration.
**Mining style.** **Open pit** with **refractory processing** (oxidation + CIL). A life-extension project overhauled tailings/power to unlock more ounces.
**Outlook.** With infrastructure upgrades complete, PV remains a cornerstone Latin American gold operation.
---
### 10) Cadia District, New South Wales, Australia (Newmont; Au-Cu)
**Scale.** **~14.1 Moz reserves** and **~14.5 Moz resources** of gold (plus major copper credits).
**Geology.** **Porphyry** gold-copper cluster (Cadia East, Ridgeway) with bulk-tonnage, low-grade geometry suited to massive underground methods.
**Mining style.** **Panel caving** underground + large concentrators; the copper by-product underpins robust economics.
**Outlook.** A model of modern bulk underground mining—continued cave optimization and district exploration sustain a very long life.
---
### What this ranking is **not**
* Not a list of **highest annual output** (that leaderboard changes year-to-year).
* Not a list of **highest grades** (Fosterville, Brucejack, etc., shine here but carry fewer ounces in total).
* Not a prediction of **market value**—jurisdiction, capex, FX, ESG, and metallurgy can swing economics more than ounces alone.
**Glossary (quick).** *Reserves* = economically mineable under current plans; *Resources* = geological inventory (Measured/Indicated/Inferred). *Orogenic* = structurally controlled lodes formed during mountain-building; *Carlin-type* = micron-gold in arsenian pyrite in reactive carbonates; *Epithermal* = shallow, hot fluids; *Porphyry* = large, low-grade intrusions with Cu-Au.
---
## 한국어 — 확장판 해설
**순위 기준.** **엔도우먼트(Endowment)** = **누적 생산량 + 남은 매장/자원**. 보고 체계(JORC, NI 43-101 등)가 달라 수치는 **대략 규모 비교**로 보시면 안전합니다. “지구(district)”는 여러 광산이 얽힌 하나의 지질 시스템, “광체(deposit)”는 단일 또는 밀집된 광체를 뜻합니다.
### 1) 위트워터스란드 분지(남아공) — 절대강자
* **이유:** 누적 **15~20억 oz**급, 잔존 자원도 방대.
* **지질:** 선캄브리아 **고대 자갈층(고(古)사금의 퇴적)형**—일명 **리프(reef)**라 부르는 자갈층에 금이 농집.
* **채광/과제:** **초심부 지하채광(3~4 km)**, 고온·고압·통풍·지진 대응이 핵심.
* **전망:** 산출량은 예전보다 낮지만, **덩치 자체**가 워낙 커 장기 축으로 남습니다.
### 2) 무룬타우(우즈베키스탄) — 가동 중 단일 최대
* **규모:** **1억 5천만 oz+**로 인용, 연간 생산 상위권 고정.
* **지질:** 광역 **오로제닉/망상-확산형** 금화.
* **채광:** 초대형 **노천(open-pit)** + **침출/탄소침적(CIL)** 조합.
* **전망:** 주변 확장과 설비 업그레이드로 장수 광산 확정적.
### 3) 카를린 트렌드(미 네바다; 코르테즈 인접)
* **규모:** 카를린 단독 **100 Moz+**, 네바다 카를린형 전체 **~250 Moz+**.
* **지질:** **카를린형**—탄산염 암석 속 **비가시(미크론) 금**이 황철석에 미세 포획.
* **채광:** 산화광 **노천**(침출/CIL) + 황화광 **지하채광** 및 **이중 난처리**(산화/로스팅+흡착).
* **전망:** 갈수록 정교해지는 난처리 기술로 갈수록 **잠재 매장**이 열린다.
### 4) 수호이 로그(러 이르쿠츠크) — 최대 미개발
* **규모:** **자원 ~8,100만 oz / 매장 ~4,300만 oz**.
* **지질:** 광역 **오로제닉(변형대형)**, 낮~중품위 대톤수.
* **채광(계획):** **대형 노천 + CIL**에 기반한 초장기 운영.
* **전망:** 자금·실행력이 변수지만, 상업화 시 **세계 톱** 생산지로 장기 등재.
### 5) 그라스버그 지구(인도네시아 파푸아)
* **규모:** 금 **~2,600만 oz**(구리 동반), 역사적 톱급 산지.
* **지질:** **포피리–스카른** 복합, 다중 관입체·수직 금속대.
* **채광:** **노천 → 블록케이브(지하 대규모 붕락)** 전환.
* **전망:** 케이브 시퀀싱에 따라 금 생산 변동, 구리와 동조.
### 6) 골든 마일/칼굴리 수퍼 핏(호주 서호주)
* **규모:** 누적 **6,000만 oz+**.
* **지질:** **오로제닉 로드**(녹색편암대) veining 밀집.
* **채광:** **수퍼 핏 노천**과 **지하 연장** 병행.
* **전망:** 갈아타기(pushback)와 근접 탐사로 수명 연장.
### 7) 리히르(PNG)
* **규모:** **매장 ~1,580만 oz / 자원 ~2,040만 oz**.
* **지질:** **고황산성 에피서멀**, 화산 **칼데라** 내부.
* **채광:** **노천 + 전광석화(POx) 난처리**—세계 최대급 오토클레이브.
* **전망:** 공정 병목 해소, 열 관리가 핵심 과제.
### 8) 올림피아다(러 크라스노야르스크)
* **규모:** **자원 ~4,800만 / 매장 ~2,100만 oz**.
* **지질:** **오로제닉**—저·중품위 대규모 확산대.
* **채광:** **노천 + 중력/부유/흡착 일괄**.
* **전망:** 위성 광체와 함께 장수 지구 확정.
### 9) 푸에블로 비에호(도미니카 공화국)
* **규모:** **매장 ~2,000만 / 자원 ~2,600만 oz**(수명 연장 반영).
* **지질:** **고황산성 에피서멀**(화산호 기원).
* **채광:** **노천 + 난처리(산화/흡착)**, 설비/전력 확장 완료.
* **전망:** 라틴 아메리카 금 산업의 핵심 거점 유지.
### 10) 카디아 지구(호주 NSW; 금-구리)
* **규모:** 금 **매장 ~1,410만 / 자원 ~1,450만 oz**(+대규모 구리).
* **지질:** **포피리 Au-Cu** 다중 광체.
* **채광:** **패널 케이빙** 대규모 지하 + 컨센트레이터.
* **전망:** 구리 크레딧이 경제성 방패—극장형 장수 광산.
**주의사항 요약.** 이 순위는 **연간 생산**이나 **품위** 순위가 아닙니다. 법·정책·환율·환경·제련 난이도에 따라 경제성은 크게 달라집니다.
---
## 日本語 — 拡張版ガイド
**評価方法。** **エンダウメント**（累積生産＋残存埋蔵/資源）で地区/鉱床を順位化。報告規格が異なるため、数値は**規模感**として理解してください。
### 1) ウィットウォーターズランド盆地（南ア）
* **規模:** 累積 **15～20億oz**級。
* **地質:** **古代礫岩（古砂金の堆積）型**の“リーフ”に金が濃集。
* **採掘:** **超深部坑内採掘**（3–4 km）。
* **展望:** 産量は往年より減少も、**絶対量**の大きさは不変。
### 2) ムルンタウ（ウズベキスタン）
* **規模:** **1億5千万oz超**。
* **地質:** 広域 **造山帯型/網状–散在**鉱化。
* **採掘:** **巨大露天**＋**ヒープリーチ/CIL**。
* **展望:** 設備増強と周辺拡張で長寿命。
### 3) カーリン・トレンド（米ネバダ）
* **規模:** 単独で**100Moz超**、ネバダ全体 **~250Moz超**。
* **地質:** **カーリン型**（炭酸塩岩中の砒素黄鉄鉱に微細金）。
* **採掘:** **露天（酸化鉱）**＋**坑内（難処理硫化鉱）**、**POx/焙焼**などの難処理技術。
* **展望:** 処理技術の進歩が資源を解放。
### 4) スホイ・ログ（露・イルクーツク）— 未開発最大
* **規模:** **資源 ~8,100万 / 埋蔵 ~4,350万oz**。
* **地質:** **造山帯型**、大規模低～中品位。
* **採掘計画:** **露天 + 大型CIL**。
* **展望:** 建設実行が鍵、実現すれば世界上位の長寿命鉱山。
### 5) グラスバーグ地区（インドネシア）
* **規模:** 金 **~2,600万oz**（銅併産）。
* **地質:** **ポーフィリー–スカルン**複合。
* **採掘:** **露天**から**ブロックケービング**へ移行。
* **展望:** ケーブの進行で金産量は変動。
### 6) ゴールデン・マイル／カルグーリー・スーパー・ピット（豪州）
* **規模:** 累積 **6,000万oz超**。
* **地質:** **造山帯型ロウド**（緑色岩帯）密集脈。
* **採掘:** **露天押し広げ**＋**坑内延伸**。
* **展望:** ブラウンフィールドで寿命延長。
### 7) リヒール（パプアニューギニア）
* **規模:** **埋蔵 ~1,580万 / 資源 ~2,040万oz**。
* **地質:** **高硫化エピサーマル**、**カルデラ**内。
* **採掘:** **露天**＋**全鉱石POx**の難処理。
* **展望:** プロセス増強と熱管理が肝。
### 8) オリンピアーダ（露・クラスノヤルスク）
* **規模:** **資源 ~4,800万 / 埋蔵 ~2,100万oz**。
* **地質:** **造山帯型**の大規模拡散鉱化。
* **採掘:** **露天**＋**重選/浮選/CIL**の複合回収。
* **展望:** 衛星鉱床と一体で長期継続。
### 9) プエブロ・ビエホ（ドミニカ共和国）
* **規模:** **埋蔵 ~2,000万 / 総資源 ~2,600万oz**。
* **地質:** **高硫化エピサーマル**。
* **採掘:** **露天**＋**難処理（酸化＋吸着）**。
* **展望:** インフラ刷新により長寿命基盤を強化。
### 10) カディア地区（豪NSW；金–銅）
* **規模:** 金 **埋蔵 ~1,410万 / 資源 ~1,450万oz**（銅大）。
* **地質:** **ポーフィリーAu-Cu**群。
* **採掘:** **パネルケービング**大規模坑内＋選鉱。
* **展望:** 銅クレジットが経済性を下支え、非常に長い鉱山寿命。
**補足。** これは**年産量**や**高品位**の順位ではありません。司法制度、為替、環境・社会・ガバナンス、冶金の難易度で経済性は大きく変動します。
---
**Want more?** I can:
* Re-rank by **current annual output** with 2024–2025 figures,
* Add a **map** (lat/long) and **geology type** for each site,
* Build a quick **investor sheet** (operators, royalties, processing, key risks).